Social Worker Burnout Studied Essay Example

Social Worker Burnout Studied Essay Social Worker Burnout Studied ( Fall 2003 ) AUTHOR-ABSTRACT: For the past 30 old ages, research workers and practicians have been concerned about the impact of work emphasis experienced by societal workers. Although research on burnout has been a utile field of geographic expedition, a new concern has arisen about work emphasiss specifically associated with work with victims of injury. The construct of vicarious injury provides penetrations into the emphasiss of this peculiar sort of work. Like the burnout research, early research on vicarious injury has identified both personal and organisational correlatives. In this article, the writers review the turning literature on the organisational constituents of vicarious injury and suggest alterations in organisational civilization, work load, group support, supervising, self-care, instruction, and work environment that may assist forestall vicarious injuries in staff. Bodies:WHETHER SHAPING PUBLIC POLICY or supplying services to persons, households, and communities, societal workers are to the full engaged with today s societal jobs. This hard work can take an emotional and psychological toll on the worker ( Davies, 1998 ; Gibson, McGrath, A ; Reid, 1989 ) . This emphasis comes non merely from reacting to people in hurting and crisis ; features of the organisation besides contribute to the emphasis ( Sze A ; Ivker, 1986 ) . This occupational emphasis has been examined chiefly in footings of burnout ( Maslach, 1993 ) , but recent research in the field of injury has identified emphasiss alone to that work. These emphasiss have been conceptualized as vicarious injury ( McCann A ; Pearlman, 1990b ; Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995a, 1995b ) . To day of the month, most research has focused on the single features thought to lend to vicarious injury. There has been less focal point on the organisational constructions that may lend. In this article, we dr aw on the research on organisational correlatives of burnout as a background for analyzing the research on vicarious injury and so sketch assorted organisational schemes suggested by practicians working with trauma subsisters to forestall vicarious injury. This treatment is informed by a qualitative survey of counsellors working with victims of domestic force ( Bell, 1998, 1999 ) that suggested the importance of the work environment, among other issues, in the development of vicarious injury. Citations by counsellors from that survey will be used to exemplify the treatment. Organizational Correlates of Burnout We will write a custom essay sample on Social Worker Burnout Studied specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Worker Burnout Studied specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Worker Burnout Studied specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Maslach ( 1993 ) described burnout as holding three dimensions: ( a ) emotional exhaustion ; ( B ) depersonalisation, defined as a negative attitude towards clients, a personal withdrawal, or loss of ideals ; and ( degree Celsius ) reduced personal achievement and committedness to the profession. Burnout has been conceptualized as a procedure instead than a status or province, and some have theorized that it progresses consecutive through each of these dimensions ( Maslach, 1993 ) . Maslach and others have examined the person, interpersonal, and organisational features that contribute to burnout. Of peculiar involvement to this treatment is the determination that organisations can either promote occupation satisfaction or contribute to burnout ( Soderfeldt, Soderfeldt, A ; Warg, 1995 ) . Unsupportive disposal, deficiency of professional challenge, low wages, and troubles encountered in supplying client services are prognostic of higher burnout rates ( Arches, 1991 ; Beck, 1987 ; Him le, Jayaratne, A ; Thyness, 1986 ) . Individual staff members suffer, and the resulting loss of experient staff can decrease the quality of client services ( Arches, 1991 ) . This research has helped place organisational supports that could be effectual in buffering or interceding burnout and point to workplace features that may besides forestall vicarious injury. Vicarious Trauma Recently, the occupational emphasis of societal workers working with trauma subsisters has begun to have attending ( Cunningham, 1999 ; Dalton, 2001 ; Regehr A ; Cadell, 1999 ) . Some writers are get downing to propose that injury theory has of import public-service corporation in understanding the burnout experience of societal workers working in kid protection and with HIV-infected populations ( Horwitz, 1998 ; Wade, Beckerman, A ; Stein, 1996 ) . Many theoreticians have speculated that the emotional impact of this type of traumatic stuff is contagious and can be transmitted through the procedure of empathy ( Figley, 1995 ; Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995a ; Stamm, 1995 ) , as in this illustration from an experient societal worker speaking about reding adult females in a household service bureau: Some times after a session, I will be traumatized .I will experience over whelmed, and I can retrieve a peculiar state of affairs with a sexually abused individual where I I merely did nt desire to hear any more of her narratives about what really happened.She seemed to desire to go on to state me those over and over and I remember merely experiencing about contaminated, like, you know, like I was abused. You know? And so I set bounds withher a fter some ace vision about that but tracked her in a different way.It hink it has an impact. I m merely non certain of what ( a squoted in Bell,1998 ) In the past 10 old ages, the emotional impact of working with trauma subsisters has been examined under several concepts: compassion weariness ( Figley, 1995 ) , secondary traumatic emphasis ( Figley, 1993 ; Stamm, 1995 ) , and vicarious injury ( McCann A ; Pearlman, 1990b ; Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995a, 1995b ) . These concepts have been compared and debated ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995a ; Stamm, 1995 ) , and a full treatment of them is outside the range of this article. The bulk of the empirical surveies in this country have used the vicarious injury concept. For this ground, the term vicarious injury will by and large be used throughout this article unless another term has been used specifically in the research cited. Vicarious injury has been defined as the transmutation that occurs in the interior experience of the healer [ or worker ] that comes approximately as a consequence of empathetic battle with clients injury stuff ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995a, p. 31 ) . Vicarious injury can ensue in physiological symptoms that resemble posttraumatic emphasis reactions, which may attest themselves either in the signifier of intrusive symptoms, such as flashbacks, night-mares, and obsessional ideas, or in the signifier of constricting symptoms, such as numbing and disassociation ( Beaton A ; Murphy, 1995 ) . It may besides ensue in breaks to of import beliefs, called cognitive scheme, that persons hold about themselves, other people, and the universe ( McCann A ; Pearlman, 1990b ; Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995a, 1995b ) , as in the undermentioned illustration from a immature worker in a beat-up adult females s shelter: I think you see the worst of people, working here the worst of what people do to each other. And I think when you do nt hold proper resource halt rocess that, to work through it, to underst and it or set it in some sort of context, it merely leaves you experiencing a small baffle dabout what s traveling on out at that place, and the manner things work in the universe and your function in all of that. ( asquotedin Bell,1999, p.175 ) Although some of the numbing symptoms of vicarious injuries bear some resemblance to burnout and may in fact consequence in burnout over clip, research on healers has besides begun to set up vicarious injury as a distinguishable construct from burnout ( Figley, 1995 ; Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995a ) . Unlike the concept of burnout, the concept of vicarious injury was developed from and is clinically grounded in injury theory, specifically constructivist self-development theory ( McCann A ; Pearlman, 1990b ) . In several surveies, burnout and general emph asis degrees were non related to exposure to traumatized clients, whereas steps of injury exposure and vicarious injuries were related ( Kassam-Adams, 1995 ; Schauben A ; Frazier, 1995 ) . Therefore, burnout entirely does non look to capture the effects of injury as an occupational stressor. Although vicarious injury may show with elements of emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation, and reduced personal achievement, it besides has effects that are alone and specific to trauma work. Many professionals risk vicarious injuries through their contact with traumatized people or stuff that contains in writing images of injury. Surveies have indicated that about 38 % of societal workers experience moderate to high degrees of secondary traumatic emphasis ( Cornille A ; Meyers, 1999 ; Dalton, 2001 ) . In add-on, exigency workers ( Leseca, 1996 ; McCammon, Durham, Allison, A ; Williamson, 1988 ; Wagner, Heinrichs, A ; Ehlert, 1998 ) , nurses ( Joinson, 1992 ) , police officers ( Follette, Polusny, A ; Milbeck, 1994 ) , sexual assault counsellors ( Johnson A ; Hunter, 1997 ; Regehr A ; Cadell, 1999 ; Schauben A ; Frazier, 1995 ) , child protective service workers ( Cornille A ; Meyers, 1999 ) , and trauma healers ( Chrestman, 1995 ; Follette et al. , 1994 ; Kassam-Adams, 1995 ; Pearlman A ; Mac Ian, 1995 ) have all been documented as developing symptomology rather similar to acute and posttraumatic emphasis reactions as a consequence of their second-hand exposure to traumatic stuff. Recent surveies of injury healers have begun to research some of the factors involved in the development of vicarious injury. Therapist exposure to traumatic client stuff has been found to be an of import forecaster for symptoms of traumatic emphasis and, in some instances, of disrupted beliefs about ego and others. In a study of 148 counsellors, Schauben and Frazier ( 1995 ) found that those who worked with a higher per centum of sexual force subsisters reported more symptoms of pos ttraumatic emphasis upset and greater breaks in their beliefs about themselves and others than did counsellors seeing fewer subsisters. The research workers tied these symptoms of trauma counsellors to a figure of factors. Most normally, counsellors said that hearing the trauma narrative and sing the hurting of subsisters was emotionally run outing. Second, many counsellors felt that the guidance procedure was more hard when working with trauma subsisters, who tended to hold more jobs swearing and working in a curative relationship than clients who were non traumatized. Finally, some counsellors found the work more hard because of the institutional barriers within the legal, and mental wellness systems that their clients were forced to voyage. Similar findings emerged when research workers compared the emphasis degree of sexual assault counsellors with that of counsellors who worked with a more general client population ( Johnson A ; Hunter, 1997 ) . Not merely did sexual assault c ounsellors show greater grounds of emphasis, but their work emphasis besides contributed to personal relationship troubles at place. The impact of the healer s ain history of maltreatment on current study of vicarious injuries are ill-defined. Pearlman and MacIan ( 1995 ) reported significantly more vicarious injury symptoms in 60 % of the healers they surveyed who reported a personal history of injury. However, Schauben and Frazier ( 1995 ) found that counsellors with a history of victimization were non more hard-pressed by working with subsisters than were counsellors without such a history. Pearlman and Mac Ian found that healers without a trauma history were more likely to describe intrusive imagination than those with a history. Follette et Al. ( 1994 ) found that mental wellness professionals with a important history of childhood physical or sexual maltreatment did non see significantly more negative responses to child sexual maltreatment subsister clients than those without s uch a history. They besides reported significantly more positive header schemes. However, the comparing group of jurisprudence enforcement forces with childhood maltreatment histories who besides worked with sexual maltreatment subsisters showed significantly more hurt than the mental wellness professionals. The research workers hypothesized that the usage of personal therapy by 59.1 % of the mental wellness professionals versus 15.6 % of the jurisprudence enforcement professionals may hold accounted for the difference. Increased clip spent with traumatized clients seems to increase the hazard of stress reactions in mental wellness professionals ( Chrestman, 1995 ; Pearlman A ; Mac Ian, 1995 ) . Furthermore, disbursement clip in other work activities decreases the hazard. Having a more diverse caseload with a greater assortment of client jobs and take parting in research, instruction, and outreach besides appear to intercede the effects of traumatic exposure. Age and experience are reciprocally correlated with the development of vicarious injury. Younger and less experient counsellors exhibit the highest degrees of hurt ( Arvay A ; Uhlemann, 1996 ; Pearlman A ; Mac Ian, 1995 ) . They may hold had less chance to incorporate traumatic narratives and experiences into their belief systems, every bit good as to develop effectual header schemes for covering with the effects of vicarious injury than hold older and more experient healers ( Neumann A ; Gamble, 1995 ) . Such was the instance of this experient counsellor who worked with beat-up adult females in the tribunal system: It hink for person who does nt make this type of work it would be utmost lystressful, but after twelve old ages, I ve merely I ve handled so many instances and dealt with so many people, I know my restriction sand the tribunal s restrictions and I merely do nt acquire as worked up about each instance as I used to. ( as quoted in Bell, 1999, p.117 ) vicarious injury can be considered a type of occupational jeopardy in scenes where there are high degrees of traumatized clients. As a consequence, organisations supplying services to trauma victims have a practical and ethical duty to turn to this hazard. Deductions for Agency Administrative Response The primary focal point of treatment about the bar of vicarious injury has been on the person ( for a good sum-up, see Yassen, 1995 ) . However, as with burnout, the organisational context of injury work has been discussed as a factor in the development of secondary injury. Several writers have written about their ain experiences in bureaus that serve traumatized persons. They have suggested both bar and intercession schemes in the countries of organisational civilization, work load, work environment, instruction, group support, supervising, and resources for self-care. Each of these will be discussed in bend below. Organizational Culture The values and civilization of an organisation set the outlooks about the work. When the work includes contact with injury, they besides set the outlooks about how workers will see injury and trade with it, both professionally and personally. Of primary concern is that organisations that serve trauma subsisters, whether colza crisis centres, shelters for beat-up adult females, or plans that work with veterans, acknowledge the impact of injury on the single worker and the organisation. As Rosenbloom, Pratt, and Pearlman ( 1995 ) wrote of their work at the Traumatic Stress Institute, We work together to develop an ambiance in which it is considered inevitable to be affected by the work ( p. 77 ) . It is non uncommon for feelings and reactions generated by injury to go forth the societal worker experiencing uneffective, unskilled, and even powerless. An organisational civilization that normalizes the consequence of working with trauma subsisters can supply a supportive environment f or societal workers to turn to those effects in their ain work and lives. It besides gives permission for societal workers to take attention of themselves. Yassen ( 1995 ) provided an illustration of a potentially harmful norm that can thwart workers efforts at self-care: In some scenes, it may be assumed that if employees do non work overtime, they are non committed to their work, or that clinicians who do non take holidaies are more committed to their work than are others ( p. 201 ) . A supportive organisation is one that non merely allows for holidaies, but besides creates chances for societal workers to change their caseload and work activities, take clip off for unwellness, take part in go oning instruction, and do clip for other self-care activities. Small bureaus might signal their committedness to staff by doing staff self-care a portion of the mission statement, understanding that finally it does impact client attention. Administrators might besides supervise staff hol iday clip and promote staff with excessively much accumulated clip to take clip off. Self-care issues could be addressed in staff meetings, and chances for go oning instruction could be circulated to staff. In societal work bureaus, which typically operate with unequal resources and grim service demands, such committednesss, irrespective of how little, are non inconsequential. Workload Research has shown that holding a more diverse caseload is associated with reduced vicarious injury ( Chrestman, 1995 ) . Such diverseness can assist the societal worker maintain the traumatic stuff in position and forestall the formation of a traumatic worldview ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995a ) . Agencies could develop intake processs that attempt to administer clients among staff in a manner that pays attending to the hazard of vicarious injury certain clients might show to workers. When possible, trauma instances should be distributed among a figure of societal workers who possess the necessary accomplishments ( Dutton A ; Rubinstein, 1995 ; Regehr A ; Cadell, 1999 ; Wade et al. , 1996 ) . In add-on, societal workers whose primary occupation is to supply direct services to traumatized people may profit from chances to take part in societal alteration activities ( Regehr A ; Cadell, 1999 ) . Agencies that do non already supply such services might see supplying community instru ction and outreach or working to influence policy. Such activities can supply a sense of hope and authorization that can be stimulating and can neutralize some of the negative effects of trauma work. Organizations can besides keep an attitude of regard ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995b, p. 170 ) for both clients and workers by admiting that work with trauma subsisters frequently involves multiple, long-run services. Organizations that are proactive in developing or associating clients with accessory services such as self-help groups, experienced medical professionals for medicine, in- and out-patient hospitalization, and resources for paying for these services will back up non merely clients, but besides decrease the work load of their staff ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995b ) . Developing coactions between bureaus that work with traumatized clients can supply material support and forestall a sense of isolation and defeat at holding to travel it entirely. Work Environment A safe, comfy, and private work environment is important for those societal workers in scenes that may expose them to violence ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995b ; Yassen, 1995 ) . Some work sites, such as shelters or bureaus located in high-crime vicinities, are so unsafe that workers may really see primary injury, instead than vicarious injury. In a sample of 210 accredited societal workers, Dalton ( 2001 ) found that 57.6 % had been threatened by a client or member of a client s household, and 16.6 % had been physically or sexually assaulted by a client or member of the client s household. Being threatened by a client or a member of a client s household was strongly correlated with compassion weariness. Although it is more of a challenge in certain scenes, protecting workers safety should be the primary concern of bureau disposal. Paying for security systems or security guards may be a necessary cost of making concern for some bureaus that provide services to traumatized persons. F ailing that, bureaus may see developing a brother system for coworkers so that if one worker is threatened by a client, another can cite the constabulary. In add-on to attending to basic safety, Pearlman and Saakvitne ( 1995b ) have suggested that workers need to hold personally meaningful points in their workplace. These can include images of their kids or of topographic points they have visited, scenes of nature or quotes that help them retrieve who they are and why they do this work. One hotline worker described her usage of such an point: When itsare alintense call, I sort of intuition over the phone and sort of similar focal point here on my [ computing machine screen ] and I some times try to consciously state my ego to sit back and expression at one of my images that I have up to remind me of happier times. ( asquotedin Bell,1998 ) Agency decision makers can promote staff to do these little investings in their work environment. By puting animating postings or images of scenic environments ( instead than bureau regulations and ordinances ) in the waiting suites, staff meeting suites, and interruption suites, the organisation can pattern the importance of the personal in the professional. In add-on, workers besides need topographic points for remainder at the occupation site, such as a interruption room that is separate from clients ( Yassen, 1995 ) . With a infinite such as this, the organisation could turn to the self-care demands of staff by supplying a java shaper, soft music, and comfy furniture. Education Trauma-specific instruction besides diminishes the potency of vicarious injury. Information can assist persons to call their experience and supply a model for understanding and reacting to it. Training scenes, such as schools of societal work, have a duty to supply this information to field housemans come ining arrangements where they will meet injury ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995b ) . Dalton ( 2001 ) found that societal workers with maestro s grades had lower degrees of secondary traumatic emphasis compared with those with baccalaureate grades. This difference suggests that the type of clinical preparation available in maestro s plans, such as information about client authorization, self-care, and acknowledging destructive behaviours, may be a losing but of import portion of developing societal workers in baccalaureate plans to forestall secondary emphasis and vicarious injury. Attempts to educate staff about vicarious injuries can get down in the occupation interview ( Urquiza, W yatt, A ; Goodlin-Jones, 1997 ) . Agencies have a responsibility to warn appliers of the possible hazards of trauma work and to measure new workers resiliency ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995b ) . New employees can be educated about the hazards and effects associated with injury, as new and inexperient workers are likely to see the most impact ( Chrestman, 1995 ; Neumann A ; Gamble, 1995 ) . Ongoing instruction about injury theory and the effects of vicarious injuries can be included in staff preparation ( Regehr A ; Cadell, 1999 ; Urquiza et al. , 1997 ) and discussed on an on-going footing as portion of staff meetings. Agencies can take advantage of the booming figure of workshops on vicarious injury at professional conferences in societal work and other subjects by directing a staff member for preparation and inquiring that worker to portion what he or she has learned with the remainder of the staff. This information provides a utile context and helps societal workers to exper ience more competent and have more realistic outlooks about what they can carry through in their professional function. Preparation for a nerve-racking event, when possible, protects persons from the consequence of emphasis ( Chemtob et al. , 1990 ) . Learning new ways to turn to clients injury may besides assist prevent vicarious injury. Theories, such as constructivist self-development theory ( McCann A ; Pearlman, 1990a ) on which the theory of vicarious injury is based, maintain a double focal point between past injury and the client s current strengths and resources. Working from a theoretical model that acknowledges and enhances client strengths and focal points on solutions in the present can experience authorising for client and worker and cut down the hazard of vicarious injury. Group Support Both the burnout literature and the Hagiographas about vicarious injuries emphasize the importance of societal support within the organisation ( Catherall, 1995 ; Munroe et al. , 1995 ; Rosenbloom et al. , 1995 ) . Staff opportunities to debrief informally and process traumatic stuff with supervisors and equals are helpful ( Horwitz, 1998 ; Regehr A ; Cadell, 1999 ; Urquiza et al. , 1997 ) . Critical incident emphasis debriefing ( Mitchell, 1983, as cited in Wollman, 1993 ) is a more formalistic method for treating specific traumatic events but may be less helpful in pull offing insistent or chronic traumatic stuff ( Horwitz, 1998 ) . Support can besides take the signifier of coworkers aid with paperwork or exigency backup. Time for societal interaction between coworkers, such as observing birthdays or other events every bit good as organized team-building activities and staff retreats, can increase workers feeling of group coherence and common support. Peer support groups may ass ist because equals can frequently clear up co-workers penetrations, listen for and right cognitive deformations, offer perspective/reframing, and relate to the emotional province of the societal worker ( Catherall, 1995 ) . Group support can take a assortment of signifiers, such as audience, intervention squads, instance conferences, or clinical seminars, and can be either peer led or professionally led. For illustration, shelter workers interviewed by Bell ( 1999 ) started a reading group and together read and discussed Pearlman and Saakvitne s ( 1995a ) book, Trauma and the Therapist: Countertransference and Vicarious Traumatization in Psychotherapy With Incest Survivors. The group met after work on a regular footing. Group members learned about vicarious injuries and ways to cover with it in their ain work and lives. The group cost the bureau nil, did non interfere with work, and provided an chance for workers to give each other much-needed support. Regardless of the signifier g roup support takes, Munroe et Al. ( 1995 ) warned that it should be considered an adjunct to, non a replacement for, self-care or clinical supervising. There are some possible booby traps of group support. One is the inclination toward groupthink and conformance ( Munroe et al. , 1995 ) . Another is that members hearing about a coworker s hurt may utilize distancing and victim-blaming as a defence mechanism. Peer groups and intervention squads besides offer the chance for traumatic reenactments, such as dividing the group members into the functions of user and exploited, that are so common in working with trauma subsisters ( Munroe et al. , 1995 ) . When groups are held within bureaus, there is besides the possible job generated by conflicting functions in the group, such as a supervisor who is both protagonist and judge or a coworker/supervisor who is besides a friend. Finally, group members may be more instead than less traumatized by the necessity of hearing each other s worst horror narratives. Guzzino and Taxis ( 1995 ) have suggested a figure of ways for members of such groups to speak about their experiences without farther traumatising group members through the usage of psychodrama and art therapy. To farther minimise the potency for jobs in support groups, Catherall ( 1995 ) has suggested that group members discuss such a possibility before it happens and normalise the experience of vicarious injury and its impact on the person and the group. Supervision Effective supervising is an indispensable constituent of the bar and healing of vicarious injury. Responsible supervising creates a relationship in which the societal worker feels safe in showing frights, concerns, and insufficiencies ( Welfel, 1998 ) . Organizations with a hebdomadal group supervising format set up a locale in which traumatic stuff and the subsequent personal consequence may be processed and normalized as portion of the work of the organisation. As one hotline worker said of the value of supervisory support in response to a nerve-racking call: It s sort of like you have this large poke of stones and every clip you sort of Tell person about it you can, you know, give them a twosome of your stones and your poke gets lighter ( as quoted in Bell, 1998 ) .Effective supervising is an indispensable constituent of the bar and healing of vicarious injury. Responsible supervising creates a relationship in which the societal worker feels safe in showing frights, concerns, a nd insufficiencies ( Welfel, 1998 ) . Organizations with a hebdomadal group supervising format set up a locale in which traumatic stuff and the subsequent personal consequence may be processed and normalized as portion of the work of the organisation. As one hotline worker said of the value of supervisory support in response to a nerve-racking call: It s sort of like you have this large poke of stones and every clip you sort of Tell person about it you can, you know, give them a twosome of your stones and your poke gets lighter ( as quoted in Bell, 1998 ) . In add-on to supplying emotional support, supervisors can besides learn staff about vicarious injury in a manner that is supportive, respectful, and sensitive to its effects ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995b ; Regehr A ; Cadell, 1999 ; Rosenbloom et al. , 1995 ; Urquiza et al. , 1997 ) . If at all possible, supervising and rating should be separate maps in an organisation because a concern about rating might do a worker relucta nt to convey up issues in his or her work with clients that might be signals of vicarious injury. Dalton ( 2001 ) found that 9 % of the discrepancy in her survey of societal workers and secondary traumatic emphasis was related to supervising. Her consequences indicated that the figure of times a worker received nonevaluative supervising and the figure of hours of nonevaluative supervising were positively related to low degrees of secondary traumatic emphasis. In state of affairss where supervisors can non divide the supervisory and appraising maps, bureau decision makers might see undertaking with an outside adviser for trauma-specific supervising on either an single or group footing. The cost of such preventative audience might be good worth the cost nest eggs that would ensue from decreased employee turnover or ineffectualness as a consequence of vicarious trauma.In add-on to supplying emotional support, supervisors can besides learn staff about vicarious injury in a manner that i s supportive, respectful, and sensitive to its effects ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995b ; Regehr A ; Cadell, 1999 ; Rosenbloom et al. , 1995 ; Urquiza et al. , 1997 ) . If at all possible, supervising and rating should be separate maps in an organisation because a concern about rating might do a worker reluctant to convey up issues in his or her work with clients that might be signals of vicarious injury. Dalton ( 2001 ) found that 9 % of the discrepancy in her survey of societal workers and secondary traumatic emphasis was related to supervising. Her consequences indicated that the figure of times a worker received nonevaluative supervising and the figure of hours of nonevaluative supervising were positively related to low degrees of secondary traumatic emphasis. In state of affairss where supervisors can non divide the supervisory and appraising maps, bureau decision makers might see undertaking with an outside adviser for trauma-specific supervising on either an single or group footing. The cost of such preve

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The Physics Of Pool - Essay Example In order to control the energy of the ball by how low or how hard the stroke should be, then kinetic energy is very important. To get more velocity one has to make the stroke harder thus giving it more kinetic energy (Marlow, 1995). The kinetic energy then takes the ball through a longer distance to overcome the forces of friction and come to a stop. In a pool game collusions are always present. In many instances when hitting a ball head-on, the ball with which the collision was made will travel in the same direction and in case of an angular collision, the balls in most instances would not collide in the same manner. Most collusion always results to the balls deflecting in various angles (Marlow, 1995). In most case the players always strikes in such manner that the same ball also strikes another ball at an angle this also involves the principles of collusions such that one has to give it the right amount of energy so that when the energy is transfer to the other balls, the intended ball is hit with the right amount of energy (Tait, 1899).Again the net force that is applied to the balls always causes the ball to rotate around its center of mass (Davies, 1979). For the rotational speed to change there has to be a change in the net external interaction on the object. When the cue ball is rotating, and since rotational momentum must be conserved the cue ball will spin at the same angular velocity as it was before the collision and the ball then starts to roll (Davies, 1979).

Why abortion should be illegal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why abortion should be illegal - Essay Example For instance, in the UK it is legal for termination to be carried out up to 24 weeks of pregnancy. On the other hand abortion in the United States is a highly-charged issue with significant political and ethical debate. Statistics point out that, there were 854,122 legal induced abortions reported to CDC in the US in 2003.If abortions are legal, there are several problems that can occur. For instance, the number of abortions can increase tremendously. In families where there is a gender bias, it can result in the termination of unwanted gender. Additionally, it can also result in youngsters getting involved in unsafe sex. Though getting an abortion is a difficult decision to make, many women take this decision under pressure. It is also an emotionally disturbing decision as the process requires the pregnant women to go through a procedure where the fetus in the uterus is killed and extracted from their body. Abortion is a morally wrong decision and it affects society, families, and t he individuals who allow the procedure to be done. It is important to note that there are several methods to avoid pregnancy and people should adopt these methods to prevent pregnancy than to terminate it and that's why it should be illegal. Today, it is important to create awareness among the youth that abstinence from sex is a good option so that they would never have to worry about experiencing an unwanted pregnancy.

Snake Venom Effects on the Human Body

Snake Venom Effects on the Human Body Snake venom is adapted saliva that is formed by distinct glands of only certain species of snakes. The gland which secretes the zootoxin is an alteration of the parotid salivary gland of other vertebrates, and is usually located on each side of the head underneath and at the back of the eye, capitalized in a muscular case. It is offered with large alveoli in which the venom is stored before being transported by a vessel to the base of the fang across which it is expelled. Snake venom is a mixture of different enzymes and proteins which many of it not harmless to humans, but some are very toxic. Snake venoms are ordinarily not dangerous once ingested Chemistry: Snake venom involves enzymes, proteins and substances with a cytotoxic, neurotoxic effect and coagulants: Phosphodiesterases are used to affect the targets cardiac system to decrease the blood pressure. Phospholipase A2 lysing the cell membranes of red blood cells leads to hemolysis Snake venom hinders cholinesterase causes loss of muscle control. Hyaluronidase enhances permeability of tissue that boosts the rate of incorporation of other enzymes into the targets cells. Snake venom frequently contains ATPase which promote the hydrolysis of ATP Amino acid oxidases responsible for the yellow color of the venom of some species Some are Neurotoxins: Fasciculins Dendrotoxins ÃŽÂ ±-neurotoxins And other is Cytotoxins: Phospholipases Cardiotoxins Haemotoxins (Snake venom) Uses of snake venom: Hemostasis Snake venom contains molecules with hemostatins (coagulation modifiers) that may be activators or inhibitors of coagulation process and some are basis for hemostasis tests Such as Prothrombin Activators which are the best considered snake venom hemostatins. They are presently termed according to the taxonomic name of the snake of origin and advanced classification according to their cofactor condition Group Snake Uses Group A (no cofactor requirement) Echis Carinatus Ecarin A Group B (requires calcium) Echis Carinatus Carinactivase B Group C (requires calcium and phospholipid) Pseudonaja textilis Oxyuranus scutellatus Pseutarin C Oscutarin C Group D (requires calcium and phospholipids and Factor Va) Pseudonaja textilis Pseutarin D Less Common Uses: Thrombin-like enzymes (SVTLE) snake venom is used for fibrinogen breakdown assay and for the fibrinogen dysfunction detection. SVTLE are not repressed by heparin and therefore used for assaying antithrombin in heparin-containing testers. (Snake venom uses) Effect of Snake Venom on Human Body When human is bitten with hemotoxic venom by a snake, the venom decrease blood pressure and increase blood clotting. The venom also hits the heart muscle may causing death. Cytotoxic venom causing death of tissues. Many cytotoxic types of venom also extent through the body increasing permeability of muscle cells. Neurotoxic venom interrupts brain function and nervous system it produces paralysis or deficiency of muscle control. Some animals have normal protection to snake venom, and immune bodies can be brought through cautious applications of managed venom; this technique is used to make the anti-venom treatments. (Effect of Snake Venom) Types of snake venom As mentioned, snake venom is modified saliva which contains a variety of proteins and enzymes. Not all snake venoms are dangerous to humans as they contain phosphodiesterase, cholinesterase, hyalurinodase, ATPase. The venom is a clear, limpid fluid of a pale straw or amber colour, or it can be greenish, but very rarely and sometimes with a certain amount of suspended matter. The snake venoms that exist are categorized into several types such as hemotoxic venoms, neurotoxic venoms, cytotoxic venoms and myotoxic venoms. These venoms will be discussed in the next few paragraphs. 1-neurotoxics One of the major families of snake venom is the neurotoxins venoms; which means its the venom which attacks the central nervous system and brain. What happens when a snake bites? An exchange of ions across the nerve cell membrane sends a depolarising current towards the end of the nerve cell. When the depolarising current arrives at the nerve cell terminus, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine  (ACh), which is held in vesicles, is released into the space between the two nerves (synapse). It moves across the synapse to the postsynaptic receptors. If ACh remains at the receptor, the nerve stays stimulated, causing incontrollable muscle contractions. This condition is called tetany. So an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase destroys the ACh so tetany does not occur. It is subdivided into three groups: Fasciculins, dendrotoxins and ÃŽÂ ±-neurotoxins. 1) Fasciculins: These toxins attack cholinergic neurons (those that use ACh as a transmitter) by destroying acetylcholinesterase (AChE). ACh therefore cannot be broken down and stays in the receptor. This causes tetany, which can lead to death. Snake example:  Black Mamba 2)  Dendrotoxins: Dendrotoxins inhibit neurotransmissions by blocking the exchange of + and ions across the neuronal membrane ==> no nerve impulse. So it paralyses the nerves. Snake example:  Mambas 3) ÃŽÂ ±-neurotoxins: ÃŽÂ ±-neurotoxins also attack cholinergic neurons. They mimic the shape of the acetylcholine molecule and therefore fit into the receptors † Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ they block the ACh flow † Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ feeling of numbness and paralysis. Snake examples: 1-  Kraits  use erabutoxin (the  Many-banded krait  uses  Bungarotoxin) 2-  Cobras  use  cobratoxin. They often result in respiratory paralysis and heart failures. Their effect can range between mild seizures to death. Cobras, mambas,  sea snakes, kraits and  coral snakes  are known to possess this venom. The  king cobras (ophiophagus hannah) are the most infamous carriers of this venom. Neurotoxic venom is essentially nerve destroying. Hence, one can see speech and swallowing difficulties, drooling, difficulty in breathing, respiratory arrests, convulsions and sometimes even prolonged unconsciousness in the victims. The milder symptoms are dizziness, tunnel vision, blurred vision and increased sweating. This venom causes a very fast degeneration of the synaptic nerves and this is the reason for the blockage of nerve impulses sent to and from the brain to the muscles. 2- Cytotoxics 1)  Phospholipases: Phospholipase is an enzyme that transforms the phospholipid molecule into a lysophospholipid (soap) ==> the new molecule attracts and binds fat and rips a hole in the cell membrane. Consequently water flows into the cell and destroys the molecules in it. That is called necrosis. Snake example: The Japanese Habu snakes (low toxicity) 2)  Cardiotoxins: Actually cardiotoxins are muscle venoms. They bind to particular sites on the surface of muscle cells causing depolarisation ==> the toxin prevents muscle contraction. For example the heart muscle: the heart will beat irregularly and stop beating, which will cause death. Snake example:  King Cobra  and some other cobras 3)  Haemotoxins: The toxin destroys red blood cells (erythrocytes). This symptom is called haemolysis. As it is very slowly progressing venom it would probably not kill a human another toxin in the snakes venom would most certainly have caused death by then. Snake example: most  Vipers  and the members of  Naja  genus This is milder venom that generally causes only localized symptoms at the location of the bite. This is a cell destroying venom that destroys everything in its path blood vessels, cells and tissues. The symptoms of the invasion of this venom are generally seen around 10-15 minutes after the snake encounter (I meant bite, not the spotting). The results are generally localized pain accompanied by severe swelling and bleeding. One can easily spot the formation of red blisters near the bite area. This venom causes blue/black spotting due to limited blood circulation. The body often revolts against the invasion of this venom by causing nausea and vomiting. If this venom is not treated within four hours, it generally needs an amputation. Puff adders (bitis arietans) are the snakes to be avoided if one is pain phobic. 3-hemotoxic venoms They are toxins that destroy red blood cells, disrupt  blood  clotting, and/or cause  organ  degeneration and generalized  tissuedamage. The term  hemotoxin  is to some degree a  misnomer  since toxins that damage the blood also damage other tissues. Injury from a hemotoxic agent is often very painful and can cause permanent damage. Loss of an affected limb is possible even with prompt treatment. Hemotoxins are frequently employed by  venomous  animals, including  pit vipers. Animal venoms contain  enzymes  and other  proteins  that are hemotoxic or  neurotoxic  or occasionally both (as in the  Mojave Rattlesnake, the  Japanese mamushi,  and similar species). In addition to killing the prey, part of the function of hemotoxic venom for some animals is to aid digestion. The venom breaks down protein in the region of the bite, making prey easier to digest. The process by which a hemotoxin causes death is much slower than that of a  neurotoxin. Snakes which envenomate a prey animal may have to track the prey as it flees. Typically, a mammalian prey item will stop fleeing not because of death, but due to shock caused by the venomous  bite. This venom causes the poisoning of blood and affects the blood clotting mechanism to such a grave extent, that the victim can die of internal bleeding. Usually, neither pain nor any other symptoms can be observed for almost 1-3 hours (sometimes even 8). This makes it deadlier, as the victim is usually beyond medical help, by the time the cause is even ascertained. The effects of this venom can be seen as lethargy, headaches, nausea, vomiting, etc. The most scary observations of the outcome of a snake bite of this kind are bruising or blood spots beneath the victims skin. In extremely bad cases, blood is known to ooze out from all possible bodily openings. It is these venoms that usually cause exces sive (and hideous) scarring, gangrene and permanent or temporary loss of motor skills. Worst cases can even result in the amputation of the affected limb.  Dependent upon species, size, location of bite and the amount of venom injected, symptoms in humans such as nausea, disorientation, and headache may be delayed for several hours. Hemotoxins are used in  diagnostic  studies of the  coagulation  system.  Lupus anticoagulans  is detected by changes in the  dilute Russells viper venom time  (DRVVT), which is a  laboratoryassay based on-as its name indicates-venom of the  Russells viper. 4-myotoxic This venom is found in the bothrops moojeni snakes, commonly known as the Brazillian lancehead snakes. This venom is known to cause muscular necrosis. Its symptoms are a thickened-tongue sensation, dry throat, thirst, muscular spasms and convulsions. It also causes the stiffness of the jaw, neck, trunk and limbs along with severe pain in movement. The victims often start with drooping eyelids and then turn to more austere results like loss of breath and blackish brown urine discharge. Myotoxic venom contains peptides that destroy the muscle fiber proteins and result in myonecrosis (muscle destruction). In the very later stages (when treatment is delayed) of the spread of this venom, the muscle proteins enter the blood stream. The kidney overworks in trying to filter out this junk and often gives up trying. This kidney failure is the reason for the dark coloration of urine. Signs symptoms of snake venom: There is a variable symptom of snake venom poisoning, depending on the following criteria: Snake size and species. The quantity and degree of toxicity of the injected venom. The location of bite (As it is far away from the head and trunk, it will be less dangerous) The age of the person (since very old and very young people are in much more risk) The person with medical problems. Pit Vipers: Most pit vipers Bites cause pain immediately and usually within 20 to 30 minutes redness and swelling will occur. This bite can affect the whole leg or arm within hours. When the rattlesnake bites, it causes feeling of tingling and numbness in fingers or toes or around the mouth, also it causes metallic taste in the mouth. There are other symptoms including: Fever, chills, sweating, general weakness, confusion, anxiety, nausea and vomiting. Terror rather than venom itself causes some of these symptoms. After Mojave rattlesnake bites breathing difficulties can be developed. Also people could get a dry mouth, a headache, blurred vision, and drooping eyelids. In case of moderate or severe pit viper poisoning usually leads to bruise of the skin after 3 to 6 hours of the bite. The area surrounding the bite appears discolored, tight and it may contain bloody blisters. Unless treatment occurs, tissue of the bite could be destroyed. Bleeding gums may occur, and blood may be present in the persons vomit, stools, and urine. Coral Snakes: its bite may cause little or no rapidly pain and swelling. Severe symptoms may occur after several hours. The skin surrounding the bite could be tingle, and muscles almost become weak. Sometimes severe general weakness and Muscle incoordination occur. Other symptoms may include drowsinss, confusion, increase saliva production, blurred vision, double vision, and difficulties in swallowing speech. Also breathing problems may be present. Coral Snake Management of snake venom toxicity: Self-Care at Home: The patient needs tetanus shot if he has not had one within 5 years. Examine the wound for dirt or broken teeth. Person must get away from the snake to stop a second bite as snakes can continue biting and inject venom with continuous bites until they finish venom Remove squeezing items from the victim (like rings or other jewelry) which could take away blood flow if the bite spot swells. Using mechanical suction is not recommended as it does not remove any considerable amount of venom, and it increase damage of the tissue. Precautions: Victim must not cut into the bite spot can cause damage underlying tissues, also increase infection risk, and does not remove venom. Victim must not use ice because ice does not disable the venom effect and can result in frostbite. Victim must not use alcohol as alcohol can decrease the pain; however it dilates the local blood vessels that increase absorption of venom. Victim must not use bandages or narrowing bands these may increase damage of tissue. (Snakebite Treatment) The lymphatic system is responsible for spread of venoms. This spread can be reduced by the use of a safe bandage over a crumpled pad located over the bitten area. The firm should not be constricted that it stops blood flow. Bandage immediately over the bite area. A pressure bandage should be applied on bite area if it anywhere in body such as trunk. Special bites as in the head, neck, and back should apply a firm pressure locally if achievable. Medical treatment: Aid breathing, airway and circulation If respiration failed ventilate with 100% Oxygen Antivenom is given immediately Adrenaline intravenous should be given only for serious hypotension or anaphylaxis and cerebral hemorrhage the patient must be well hydrated to decrease the threat of acute renal failure Repeat blood tests, ECG, at clinically related breaks Abnormal coagulation must be corrected; watch for spread intravascular coagulation, heparin contra-indicated in DIC from snake bite Hypotension must be monitored Recommended for Tetanus prophylaxis Antivenom: Antivenin (Crotalidae) Polyvalent (ACP) equine (horse)-derived antivenin was the standard treatment in emergency departments. (Snakebite Treatment) Antivenoms are set from horse serum. The anaphylaxis risk is low but is increased in people who exposure to horses, horsey tetanus vaccines, and allergic history. It is recommended to pre-treatment with non-sedating anti-histamine (promethazine), subcutaneous, and intravenous steroids (hydrocortisone). (Chris Thompson) Antivenin is administered either through the veins or injected into muscle and works by neutralizing snake venom that has entered the body (Vincent Iannelli) Examples: Crotalidae polyvalent immune FAB (ovine): Mixed monospecific used as Crotalid bites antivenom. Accustomed to neutralize snakebite toxins it decrease tissue damage and need for fasciotomy deprived of allergic effects. (Brian James Daley) Antibiotics Antibiotics are given in hospital for severe conditions. Though, antibiotic prophylaxis is suggested such as Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) a Third-generation cephalosporin has wide-spectrum gram-negative action, it hinders bacterial growth by binding to penicillin-binding proteins. (Brian James Daley) Emergency Department Care: 1- Treatment consists of revising the ABCs and assessing the patient for marks of shock such as: Tachypnea Tachycardia Dry pale skin Mental status changes Hypotension 2- To decide the need for antivenin in victims envenomation grading is classified as: Mild envenomation: Characterized by there is no systemic toxicity signs, edema, local pain and laboratory values are normal. Moderate envenomation: Characterized by: Serious local pain Edema more than 12 inches nearby the wound Systemic toxicity involving nausea and vomiting Alterations in laboratory values such as the decrease in hematocrit and platelet count Severe envenomation: Characterized by: generalized petechiae Ecchymosis (subcutaneous purpura larger than 1 centimeter or a hematoma) Sputum with blood, hypotension, renal dysfunction, and abnormal results significant for consumptive coagulopathy. 3- Antivenin is given for patient that exhibits within 12 hours of the bite in spite of local or systemic symptoms. Neurotoxicity may progress unexpectedly and causes respiratory failure. (Brian James Daley) 4- antigen-binding fragment antivenom (FabAV) aids regulate local tissue effects and hemotoxicity, insistent antivenom treatment does not usually improve effects of neurotoxicity such as myokymia (which is impulsive, sufficient fascicular contractions of muscle without atrophy. The physician must keep continuous checking of myokymia patients mainly of the chest, diaphragm and shoulders to avoid progress of respiratory failure. (Brian James Daley) 5- Surgical treatment aims on the site of injury: Fasciotomy is specified only for patients with raised partition pressure. Liberal checking of compartment pressure is necessary. If not accessible, apply the physical seal of compartment hypertension, accompanied by distal pallor, paresthesia, or for the clinical valuation. Injury of tissue after compartment condition is not revocable but can be prevented. (Brian James Daley)

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight :: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, a story full of tests and inner challenges, was written by an unknown author somewhere in the late 14th century. The poem begins the same as it ends: with the mentioning of the fall of Troy. After the fall of Troy, the Trojan survivors ventured to Europe where each began a new kingdom. "Ticius to Tuscany, and towers raises, Langobard in Lombardy lays out homes, and far over the French Sea, Felix Brutus on many broad hills and high Britain he sets, most fair." (Norton p. 202) In the same lines in the original text, "And fer ouer the French flod Felix Brutus On mony bonkkes ful brode Bretayn he settez wyth wynne" Britain is described as a land that is settled "wyth wynne" or, with joy. The second stanza describes how many warriors and "bold boys" were bred in Britain. The text continues and describes that many exceptional things are happening in this land than in any other for a long time. Most importantly, the text proceeds to offer a description that sets up the visualization and stature of the setting and characters included in the poem. Of all of the British kings, "King Arthur was counted most courteous of all" (Norton p. 203). He was the most respected, and therefore was the most powerful and most successful. There are many stories about the Arthurian Legend, but the author denotes that the story that he is about to retell, is one that is incomparable to any other. "Wherefore an adventure I aim to unfold, that a marvel of might some men think it, and one unmatched among Arthur's wonders. If you will listen to my lay but a little while, as I heard it in hall, I shall hasten to tell anew." (Norton p. 203) The author is saying that he heard it in passing and doe sn't want to offend anyone by what he is saying. The final stanza of this passage offers a description to the scenery, traditions and some of the usual festivities that take place at Camelot. Under King Arthur's command, the New Year's party is underway, including song, dance, and competitions. It describes how only the youngest and best of all the knights and the fairest of all the ladies were present. "And the loveliest ladies that lived on earth ever, and he the comeliest king, that that court holds, for all this fari fold in their first age were still.

Globalization: Economics and World

By reading Skidelsky’s article, he demonstrated a great explanation about the globalization and the future strategy for the world. According to this article, Skid sky analyzed the past financial recession influence to the world and the current world’s major issues in the world. In the Skidelsky’s article, he provided main arguments about globalization development after the collapse in autumn 2008. Before he provided a solution for the recession, Skidesky illustrated the current order problems in the world with examples and scholar’s theories.According to analysis Keynes and related theories, pointing the main problems of globalization, he believed that the most likely fate for globalization is to cooperate and implement cooperative solutions, which will be a quantum leap in the world to solve multiple problems. According to Skidelsky’s statement, the cooperation is necessary, which only accrued among states with the same values. Under this statement , he stated that the cooperation would be a useful tool to reduce the conflicts between democracy and globalization, which stated that non-democracy is important for states.Skidelsky’s provided other two options for the world, including creating a world sovereign and a project of Pax Americana. By comparing with among those three options, related a theory applies and real examples, Skidelsky demonstrated that the cooperative is the main option for the world to recovery from the global financial crisis. In order to ensure his argument more convinced, he also analyzed the current economic world situation with two scenarios, disintegration and global compact, which are only relying on specific countries or groups.Therefore, to solve the recession issue to the world, the cooperative becomes necessary, because the world cannot cut the recession. In the cooperation theory, only the vital state can become democratic. Within the whole nation, stronger states should follow the rules t o assist the weaker states to boost their economy. Skidelsky used the project for a league of democracies, George Soros to prove that cooperative between states is important. In the non-democratic version of cooperation, China and Russia are the major examples in the world.Furthermore, he demonstrated the game theory and treaties, which depended on the self-interest, which becomes the main element to development cooperative in the worldwide. From my opinion, I believed that the cooperative is the main issue to solve the recession issue in the world. With the development of globalization, a stronger country should assist other country to boost on their economic development. There is no economic government in the world. All countries and states need to focus on their self-interest and use power of cooperative with other countries to recovery from the financial recession.The implement cooperative solution is to reform in the state by cooperating within the country and cooperating with other countries in the world. By making joint efforts, the recession will be cut and the globalization will be powerful. Therefore, Skidelsky’s about cooperative argument is advancing and significant. There new solution will assist the world transfer from political economy to cooperation economy and the global financial recession will be reducing.

Counseling Children in a Community Setting Essay

This article deals with the effects of loss on children of both a primary and secondary nature. Events such as the death of a parent or friend and the resulting consequences can be difficult for a child to deal with, depending on what stage they are at developmentally. Other losses such as personal possessions, those resulting from abuse or a sudden change in a child’s life can also be difficult (Goldman, 2004). The author also discusses, according to Piaget’s developmental theory, how children deal with loss. Younger children can often have trouble understanding why a loved one died may connect an event to the death that is not even related. Older children are curious as to the events and reasons for the loss, tending to seek answers as to why the death occurred. It is recommended that when speaking to children about death, an age-appropriate explanation should be used. Children need to have information that clearly defines specific type of death that has occurred, such as a murderer or an accident (Goldman, 2004). To help children effectively cope with a sudden loss, Goldman proffers several options that can be productive. Having a team that focuses on supporting the child can be very beneficial to bereavement counseling. This team has members from: the family, school and includes the counselor. The team assesses exactly what losses have occurred to the child and what developmental stage the child is at. Based on this information, the team can set up a plan for supporting the child (2004). Other methods that can be used to help the child include helping the family communicate about the death, support groups, play therapy and focusing on early intervention. The author stresses the importance of having an all-around knowledge of the circumstances and that considering the consequences that the loss will have on a child’s whole life experience (Goldman, 2004). References Goldman, Linda. (2004). Counseling with children within contemporary society. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, Volume 26, no. 2, 168-187.

African Americans In The South essays

African Americans In The South essays As a social and economic institution, slavery originated in the times when humans began farming instead of hunting and gathering. Slave labor became commonplace in ancient Greece and Rome. Slaves were created through the capture of enemies, the birth of children to slave parents, and means of punishment. Enslaved Africans represented many different peoples, each with distinct cultures, religions, and languages. Most originated from the coast or the interior of West Africa, between present-day Senegal and Angola. Other enslaved peoples originally came from Madagascar and Tanzania in East Africa. Slavery became of major economic importance after the sixteenth century with the European conquest of South and Central America. These slaves had a great impact on the sugar and tobacco industries. A triangular trade route was established with Europe for alcohol and firearms in exchange for slaves. The slaves were then traded with Americans for molasses and (later) cotton. In 1619 the first black slave arrived in Virginia. The demands of European consumers for New World crops and goods helped fuel the slave trade. A strong family and community life helped sustain African Americans in slavery. People often chose their own partners, lived under the same roof, raised children together, and protected each other. Brutal treatment at the hands of slaveholders, however, threatened black family life. Enslaved women experienced sexual exploitation at the hands of slaveholders and overseers. Bondspeople lived with the constant fear of being sold away from their loved ones, with no chance of reunion. Historians estimate that most bondspeople were sold at least once in their lives. No event was more traumatic in the lives of enslaved individuals than that of forcible separation from their families. People sometimes fled when they heard of an impending sale. During the 17th and 18th century enslaved African Americans in the Upper ...

Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 4

Performance Management - Essay Example Google Inc. has been built greatly and the results all over the world speak for themselves. However, one of the things it has always believed in is that great is not always good enough and this is the reason that it started the putting plans in place to improve how it manages the performance of its employees including the managers. It sought ways to ensure that all its resources are being put into action in making the employees happy, satisfied as well as have incentives enough to work and increase their performance which would ensure sustainability of the company’s success. The planning started with the management as part of the employee team and trying to ensure that its performance increases through making them better bosses. The planning was carried out by a small team but it involved the whole company. The employees were given surveys on what would make the bosses better and the feedback was incorporated in the performance management package. This was in addition to the p erformance reviews given to the managers themselves, the praises and complaints they had been receiving from the employees and even customers among other channels. Google Inc. has another way to review performance management of their employees and this is through the employees setting goals and objectives for themselves and then quantifying all these goals and explaining ways in which they will be able to attain these goals within the specified time. This is meant to empower the employees to plan their work.

The Benefits of Using Marijuana for Medical Purposes Research Paper

The Benefits of Using Marijuana for Medical Purposes - Research Paper Example THC happens to be a cannabinoid compound binding to CB1 cannabinoid receptors within the human brain. These cannabinoids tend to mimic endocannabinoids produced in the brain that occur naturally, though they do it with effects that are much more powerful. CB1 receptors are within the cerebral cortex mainly the frontal sections, the basal ganglia, the hippocampus, the cerebellum, the anterior cingulate cortex, and the hypothalamus. There are experimental illustrations of the outcomes of THC by the use of animal studies, as well as in vitro human studies. The performance of THC is through inhibiting the discharge of neurotransmitters, comprising of L-glutamate, acetylcholine, GABA, 5-HT, noradrenaline, and dopamine. Though endocannabinoids tend to be rapidly inactivated through the enzyme, fatty acid amide hydrolase, there are exogenous cannabinoids like, which persist for longer periods of time, leading to the noted physiological effects (Masson, Leavitt & Chaffee, 2011). Benefits of Medical marijuana It is impossible to list all the medicinal, as well as medical benefits of marijuana since they are so many; people all over the world are standing up for their rights for the incorporation of holistic, natural medicines so as to remedy their ailments. With the help of modern technologies, the numerous medicinal benefits associated with marijuana are ever-increasingly turning out to be integrated into the same fabric of worldwide societies all over the world. Marijuana helps in the treatment of conditions, which in most cases are side effects of certain diseases including reduction of stress, thwarting depression and battling the effects of an astounding number of diseases, as well as other adverse health conditions. Below are some of the most remarkable, medicinal marijuana that is clinically-proven. In order to understand these benefits, it is appropriate to analyze some of the diseases leading to these side effects (Gerber, 2004). a) AIDS: Studies show that a qu arter of all AIDS patients is using cannabis as a way of pain or anxiety relief, in curbing nausea, and in helping in the improvement of their appetites since medical marijuana has anti-emetic, as well as analgesic properties, which tend to be beneficial in treating HIV and AIDS-related symptoms.  Ã‚