Ming Dynasty - 1108 Words

The Great Ming dynasty has been a dynasty where the basis of its rulings and organizations have been derived from Confucian ideals. Its Emperors held titles as the Son of Heaven, making them almost deities who should possess the wisdom as well as integrity to oversee such an enormous and centralized empire. Still, in 1644, the Hans were overtaken by a growing power the of brave warriors on horseback who had an expertise of western firearms. The Great Ming dynasty, arguably Chinas most flourishing period of scholarship, arts and capitalist market economy ushered in a new ethnic ruling class, the Manchus. Although the year of the official Ming-Qing transition was recorded in 1644, the fractioning and deterioration of Ming government†¦show more content†¦If an eunuch can gain an immense amount of power by ways of bribery and intimidation, then what legitimacy would there be government exams for the selection of scholar-officials? In turn, it is reasonable for one to assume tha t the high-ranked officials in the late Ming dynasty arose to their position of power not by scholarly achievement or political competence, rather, perhaps improper negotiations of bribery and family connections. Huang also described human predicament such as that people by nature are incline to seek pleasures and engaged in indulgences. This could be seen in Charles Horners account of the late Ming dynasty being a time of mass vulgar consumption and unstrained materialism- an era of self-indulgence that the stern moralist then and now cannot help to find offensive aesthetically and to the stability of the society.(Horner, 2009). According to Horner, the late Ming was a time where there was not only the government deteriorations, but also the moral deterioration of the society at large which Huang would say is a form of humanity giving in to its indulgent nature and refusing to follow Confucius virtues of hard work, diligence, and delaying satisfaction. These of course, on the ord ers of civilians or government infrastructure will contribute to the demise of the dynasty. Lastly, there is a question of Mings lack of understanding and mastery of western firearm had contributed to its fall. Although the Manchu had an significantShow MoreRelatedThe Period Of The Ottoman Empire And The Ming Dynasty916 Words   |  4 Pagestheir time period the Ottoman Empire and the Ming dynasty were two powerful states, they both had a view of itself and its place in the world. Although they were both significantly powerful the Ottoman Empire was superior compared to the Ming Dynasty. Important aspects of their states such as religion and trade played a role in both States, but in a long run had a greater impact the Ottoman Empire, for they were much more powerful than the Ming Dynasty. During the 1300’s each empire during this timeRead More The Ming Dynasty Essay1273 Words   |  6 PagesThe Ming Dynasty The Chinese Empire was large and controlled most of Asia at one point in time. One of the dynasties that ruled the empire was the Ming Family. Ruling from 1368-1644, almost three hundred years, the Ming Dynasty impacted Chinese history very much. The purpose of this paper is to tell the history of the Ming Dynasty’s impact on the Chinese Empire, and to explain why the Chinese Empire was in fact an empire. The Ming Dynasty had created an empire. They had the governmentRead MoreMing Dynasty And Its Strengths And Weaknesses1453 Words   |  6 Pages Ming dynasty was China’s ruling dynasty, lasting from 1368 to 1644, founded and ruled by Zhu Yuanzhang, the Hongwu emperor and continuously ruled by the other sixteen emperors. Through its history, Ming society changed and developed within its strengths and weaknesses. Ming, with its Chinese definition of â€Å"brilliant†, had some brilliant strengths such as the improved irrigation, progress in art such as chinaware, painting, and architecture. But also, it had some weaknesses such as rebellions, monetaryRead MoreMing Dynasty And Its Strengths And Weaknesses1183 Words   |  5 Pages Ming Dynasty was China’s ruling dynasty, lasting from 1368 to 1644, founded and ruled by Zhu Yuanshang, the Hongwu emperor and continuously ruled by the other sixteen emperors. Through its history, Ming society changed and developed w ithin its strengths and weaknesses. Ming, with its Chinese definition of â€Å"brilliant†, had some brilliant strengths such as the improved irrigation, progress in art such as chinaware, painting, and architecture. Also, it had some weaknesses such as rebellions, monetaryRead MoreDong Qichang, in the Shade of Summer Trees, 17th Century, Ming Dynasty1028 Words   |  5 PagesLindsay David Art History 6D 3 June 2008 Dong Qichang, In the Shade of Summer Trees, 17th century, Ming Dynasty This painting is from the Ming Dynasty, and very clearly depicts and captures the essence of The Southern School, or Literati painters. The first thing to note is the overall composition of the painting. First and foremost it is a landscape painting. The colors are very monochrome; the space is stretched to reveal a depth to the painting that the eye cannot capture; and thereRead MoreMing Dynasty and B. Warehouses. C. Essay4779 Words   |  20 Pagesofficially sanctioned form of Islam because they gained the support of Muslim clerics. 9. The Islamic state founded by Turkish warriors in northern India during the thirteenth century was: a. the Delhi sultanate. b. the Song dynasty. c. the Mughal dynasty. d. the Chola kingdom. e. the Ghazna kingdom. 10. Manufacturing in Song China is characterized by all of the following except: a. the first production of gunpowder. b. the improvement of porcelain production. c. Read MoreSociety And Culture Of China Under The Ming And Qing Dynasties2101 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Ming and Qing Dynasties Sare Aricanli Word Count: 1938 The personal characteristics of individual emperors played little role in defining rulership in the Ming. Discuss. Because the Ming Dynasty was founded at the fall of Mongol rule in China, Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of Ming China, had to be driven by harsh personal characteristics. He fought with the Red Turbans against the existing Mongol rule, and afterwards, set out to create a new dynasty based somewhat on the dynasty thatRead MoreIn What Major Ways Did Confucian Philosophy Manifest Itself in Chinese Society During the Ming and Qing Dynasty2983 Words   |  12 Pages1. In what major ways did Confucian philosophy manifest itself in Chinese society during the Ming and/or Qing dynasties? It is clear from examining the philosophical thought and social trends during both the Qing and Ming dynasties that Confucian thought and ideology had a profound effect on Chinese society and moral values during that period. Confucian philosophy is an ethical and philosophical thinking system thought to have been developed from the teachings of Kong Fuzi, known as Confucius whoRead More Economic and Political Strategies of China versus Japan Essay examples1062 Words   |  5 Pagesknown as the perfected late imperial system. The two Dynasties that ruled China during this time period were Ming (1368 – 1644) and Ch’ing (1644 – 1911). They both had the same type of government, good familial and good educational system. The emperor was stronger than ever during Ming - Ch’ing. It made all-important and UN-important decisions. Below him were the Grand Secretaries. They made all decisions the Emperor did not want to make. The Ming and Ch’ing had an organization of offices, at the topRead MoreWhen China Ruled the Seas Essay1519 Words   |  7 PagesWhy are we reading this book in this class? 0 The reason that we are reading, â€Å"When China Ruled the Seas† by Louise Levathes is in order to help us create a better understanding of the Chinese rule and how they became such a great dynasty. It helps us to see how China rose to become a great maritime power and also how it its navy disintegrated. â€Å"When China Ruled the Seas† shows us why the Chinese emperors decided to destroy its navy. It helps us learn more about China’s voyages of

Should Tobacco Free Campus Be Banned - 1759 Words

In the past 4 months, I have been walking through the Georgia State University courtyard to get to all my classes. Not once have I seen the courtyard not filled with students smoking tobacco. If the courtyard were to be described, it would be described as a cloud of smoke. Although, Calvin Warner states that the university code of conduct does set a rule stating that students are prohibited to smoke within 25 feet of all GSU buildings, and there are signs all over campus saying â€Å"Tobacco Free†, students are smoking right in front of the signs. Why are there tobacco free signs around campus, if the university itself is not? If we are a tobacco free campus, then why is the university not implementing it? Smokers on campus are leading nonsmokers into becoming secondhand smokers, which is as harmful as being the original smoker. Smoker or secondhand smoker, what is being harmed is the person’s health, which is affecting an individual’s ability to live a longer an d healthier life. It is absolutely great that the school is referring to itself as a tobacco free campus, but they do not seem to quite understand the meaning of it. It is understandable that there are many barriers to really implement this policy but it is not impossible. As many barriers there maybe, there are twice as many benefits. Georgia State University is claiming to be a tobacco free campus. However, they are not implementing to be tobacco free, which is affecting many people’s health indirectly. Why are theShow MoreRelatedSmoking on College Campuses1260 Words   |  6 Pagesenforce a tobacco free campus! (Daneman) Smoking is a choice made amongst an individual and falls within the first amendment in the constitution along with eight more! So how can we legally ban smoking from a whole college campus? In the end, the individual is going to do what he/she pleases if there is no enforcement. Smoking should be banned from college campus, except where there is a designated smoking area away from others on the campus! Smoking is the use of tobacco or nicotine. Tobacco is madeRead MoreUse of Tobacco Products at the University798 Words   |  4 PagesEvery year around half million people die from smoking tobacco or exposure to secondhand smoke (CDC). Tobacco use is an epidemic that cannot be stopped right away; however, many countries in the world are aware of this problem and have created new regulations that will prevent and reduce the number of smokers, hopefully in time. New polices have been implemented in schools, universities, indoor and outdoor places. Now, smoke-free or tobacco- free laws are posted in almost all colleges around the UnitedRead MoreThe Effects Of Secondhand Smoke On Campus1638 Words   |  7 Pagesignored â€Å"no smoking† signs or free Nicotine patches are not as effective as anticipated; one must be motivated to quit smoking in order to actually quit. Therefore, actions must be taken in order to efficiently transition into a tobacco free campus and ultimately sal vage the health of both smokers and nonsmokers on campus. By fall 2015, this university will transition to a Tobacco Free Campus, which means that anyone who comes onto school grounds is prohibited from using tobacco products to provide a healthyRead MoreBans, Laws, And Taxes On Smoking Essay1020 Words   |  5 Pagesplaces over the years have gone smoke free. Some of these places include: hospitals, airplanes, restaurants, bars, universities, schools, hotels and many others. One of the places in Anchorage that has recently gone smoke free is the University of Anchorage Alaska. According to an article titled â€Å"History of Smoke and Tobacco-Free UAA† (n.d.), â€Å"With the new policy, UAA joins more than 1,500 colleges and universities in the U.S. that are smoke or tobacco free.† This policy was voted for and createdRead MoreNo Smoking Bans In Colleges Essay1078 Words   |  5 Pagesfactors. Knowing the fact a growing concern is observed as harmful effects of secon d hand smoking are larger than that of first hand smoking. A smoke free campus policy will be a mere step in changing the trend of smoking and maintaining a healthy environment. A smoking ban can be a great deal of help in reducing the rate of smokers around campus and on the longer run will discourage smokers to even continue smoking elsewhere. Cigarettes contain more than 4000 chemical compounds; tar, nicotineRead MoreSmoking Bans Cut Number Of Heart Attacks993 Words   |  4 Pagesplaces, according to the largest analysis of smoke-free legislation to date. The analysis included 45 studies covering 33 laws in American cities and states, as well as countries such as New Zealand and Germany. Stroke hospitalizations fell 16%, while hospitalizations for respiratory diseases fell 24%, according to the study, the more comprehensive the law, the greater the impact, says senior author Stanton Glantz, director of the Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education at the UniversityRead MoreUnited States Should Adapt Tobacco Free Policies On Their University School Grounds Essay2507 Words   |  11 Pagesyear? (â€Å"Effects of Tobacco† 1). That is an overwhelming number of deaths that could be prevented if only the individuals did not use tobacco. As of 2008, East Tennessee State University has adopted a tobacco-free pol icy for not only the safety of students, but their overall mental and physical health as well. That policy has been increasing on college campuses at a nationwide level. As of 2009, the American College Health Association adopted a position statement on a no tobacco use policy that encouragesRead MoreCigarette Smoking Should Not Be Banned1528 Words   |  7 PagesShould cigarette smoking be banned for everyone in the United States? Why? Why not? Should those who chose their time smoking to relieve stress, personal enjoyment, or simply just because, have to lose their right to what makes them happy? Smoking tobacco products has been around for decades and in many different forms. Should personal rights be pushed aside to please those around us that disagree with the so called â€Å"disgusting habit†? In the paper The Washington Times an article caught my interestRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Binge Drinking Essay1206 Words   |  5 PagesStation area among students, and what solutions AM representatives can do to help reduce the issue. Three ways that substance abuse can be reduce on the AM campus is by educating students on the dangers of substance abuse, engaging with local law enforcement while also generating new rules on campus, and by changing the culture on campus. Substance abuse is the overindulgence in or dependence on an addictive substance, especially alcohol or drugs. The most popular substances that are abused amongRead MoreThe Effects Of Smoking Cigarettes On The Health Of Smokers2174 Words   |  9 PagesTobacco smoke attitudes are a significant risk not only to the health of smokers but to those who involuntary inhale the tobacco smoke of others. Smoking increases the risk of lung cancer and heart disease. Smoking cigarettes is a proven factor in raising the risk of having a heart attack, stroke disease, broncho-pulmonary diseases and poses risks in pregnancy to the unborn child. Tobacco smoking raises overall medical costs, decreases life expectancy and adds to loss of efficiency during the lifetime

Gender Stratification The Classification Of People Based...

Gender stratification refers to the classification of people based on their biological features such as their sex. The term â€Å"gender stratification† is generally used to refer to the situation in which men are valuable than women. In this situation, men have greater access to prestige, wealth, and power in a society. Different societies tend to have different levels of gender stratification. In the United States, the main consequence of gender stratification is economic and social inequality between men and women. Men and women in the United States are not equal economically. Men make more money than women who have similar levels of education or work experience, due to gender stratification. For example, women are often steered into careers like teaching and nursing that are well-paid, prestigious but less male dominated careers. Gender stratification leads to more inequality, both economic and social, between men and women. For example, women are still expected to bea r more of the burden of child care and housework even when both spouses work. This helps create a situation in which women are not free to spend the kind of time at work that is needed to truly get ahead in the most competitive situations. Very few of us accurately describe the difference between ethnicity and race, simply because we define them as the same. While the meaning of both words can appear very similar, there are differences. Ethnicity is not justShow MoreRelatedDoes Social Inequality Exist in Jamaica3694 Words   |  15 Pagesanalyze and discuss the validity of this statement based on current events in the Jamaican society.† Social Inequality is the existence of socially created inequalities; it occurs when ideology and power combine to make one group of people feel inferior to another. From a sociological perspective people are able to assess both opportunities and constraints that characterize their lives as it relates to age, sex, gender, race and class and based on this, many ills that the world faces today are derivedRead MoreSocial Inequalities in Health Care Essay2624 Words   |  11 Pagesincludes the age of our population; the roles gender has taken on, how race and ethnicity has affected our society, why and how social class works and the geographical location of people in Britain. In this report all these topics will be covered and local and regional statistics given to help us fully understand our changing society. Social Class Stratification systems have been used all over the world, for centuries to try and classify people by what they do or what they own. There are threeRead MoreCultural Anthropology6441 Words   |  26 Pagesthe purely practical. * High art= in a museum * Low art= graffiti Who decides: What is Art? Emic/etic confusions regarding art * Emic: insider (member) view or members of culture * Etic: outsider (observer) view or anthropologist based on observation Modern Art? North America, Western Europe, Folk Art= woven bowl - as anthropologists what sort of meanings does this art have? Ethno-aesthetics- refers to local cultural definitions of what is art and what is good art. - (ex. WoodRead MoreTheoretical Approaches to Domestic Violence7490 Words   |  30 PagesTHEORETICAL APPROACHES TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Classification of the literature about violence against women is difficult because violence against women cannot be understood in terms of a single factor. Most of the researchers focus on a few different reasons and not on a single one to explain why men use violence against women. Their arguments are sometimes so similar that even their approach is defined in different perspectives. For example, approaches by Gelles and Straus, who have many essays andRead MoreCurriculum Development10775 Words   |  44 Pagesensure that all students, regardless of their previous achievement are able to achieve their full potential. This section examines the diversity of students in the LLS and some of the factors that affect learning and achievement such as race, class, gender and sexuality. Section Three: Curriculum Design for Inclusive practice identifies three current approaches to curriculum design and asks a fundamental philosophical question: What counts as an educated 19 year old today? It then examines whatRead MoreThe Importance of Demography to Development11868 Words   |  48 Pagesstudy of the origin, development, organization, and functioning of human society; the science of the fundamental laws of social relationships, institutions, etc. It generally concerns itself with the social rules and processes that bind and separate people not only as individuals, but as members of associations, groups, and institutions, and includes the examination of the organization and development of human social life. The sociological field of interest ranges from the analysis of short contactsRead MoreThe Speech Community.Pdf11808 Words   |  48 Pages It has been denied to other cities (London; Wardhaugh 1998, p.123), but used for Anglo-Saxon England (Labov 1982, p.35); for urban immigrants, as distinct from both their source and target groups (Kerswill 1994); and for the â€Å"national unity of a people† (Dittmar 1976, p.106). Cutting across geographic and class line s, it has been used of very general assemblages such as children (Romaine 1982, p.7) and women (Coates 1993, p.140), as well as specific and temporary ones such as members of a jury (DurantRead MoreASAM 5 Notes Essay6590 Words   |  27 PagesAllows us to see the wholeness of a life we cannot see in our own life Forms: Realism, modernism, post modernism Froitzan on why he writes: I want to bring pleasure with everything I write†¦    On minority literature- Deleuze and Guattar: 3 features The deterriorializtion of a major language through a minor literature written in the major language from marginalized or minoritarian position The thoroughly political nature of a minor literature Its collective, enunciation value The aestheticRead MoreThe Historical Transformation of Work14383 Words   |  58 PagesTHE HISTORICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WORK 1 Chapter contents Work in pre-industrial societies Work in industrial capitalist societies Main features of work in industrial capitalist societies Capitalist industrialization and the primacy of work Crises and industrial capitalism Technological and organizational change The rise of trade unions Women and work in the development of industrial capitalism The dominant conception of work in industrial capitalism Summary and conclusions Further reading QuestionsRead MoreFactors That Affect the Academic Performance of the Student Using Computer11401 Words   |  46 Pagestheir surroundings and wish to be active in class. There are some students who are afraid of saying the wrong answer and worry about how other students will view about them. The first year of college is an emotional and transitional period for young people. Students must adopt the changes that happened in their environment, continue working with others and maintain a good relationship with them. In this research, we would like to show if having a poor or average performance in class of a first year

A Brief History And Analysis Of Portrayal Of Women Essay

McNamara 6 Alyssa McNamara Dr. Michael I. Niman SPC 333 5 December 2016 A Brief History and Analysis of the Portrayal of Women in Magazines Throughout history women have been depicted and treated as an inferior to the male all aspects of life. It is without debate, that to this day, like many other countries, the United States of America is a patriarchal society, valuing men over women and using various tactics to oppress women by constructing gender roles. These gender roles are thrust upon people before birth and are reinforced through society within the media. This object here is to provide an overview of the portrayal of women in magazines from the late 1800’s to present day. As the years progress, so do the number of women’s rights. While women are still fighting for equality, the birth of feminism has done much to close the gender gap. Mass media, magazines in particular, facilitated in fostering a stereotype which became the standard, and continues to be, used by society. A society that continues to oppress and sup press its women. However, as the mass media has the capability to demystify, or to bring down and/or destroy a particular group or person, they also have the ability of mystification, or emulating a person or group into society’s graces. I plan to review how women were portrayed since this country’s inception with an analysis of how gender equality might be possible today. HISTORY In the 1900’s, the United States of America was a young and stillShow MoreRelatedThe Goddess And The Nation : Mapping Mother India1544 Words   |  7 PagesIn her book â€Å"The Goddess and the Nation: Mapping Mother India†, Sumathi Ramaswamy takes a glance into the time when Mother India / Bharat Mata emerged on the land of India, and talks about her significance, portrayal and mapping. The main purpose of this work by Sumathi Ramaswamy is to understand how Mother India / Bharat Mata came into being, what was her importance among the people, how she was related geographically to the map of India, her mapping throughout India and her depiction as a symbolRead MoreSexism : Women Are Weak, Less Intelligent, And Less Important Than Men1399 Words   |  6 Pagesbelief that women are weaker, less intelligent, and less important than men† (Longman, 1995).Sexism is defined â€Å"as a negative attitude or discriminatory behavior based on the presumed inferiority or d ifference of women as a group† (Cameron, 2001).Cornell (as cited in Trujillo, 1991, p. 290) defines hegemonic masculinity as â€Å"the culturally idealized form of masculine character† which underlines â€Å"the connecting of masculinity to toughness and competitiveness† and â€Å"the subordination of women.† CornellRead MoreWomen s Rights For Women1094 Words   |  5 Pagesbeing anonymous and it is also how women were recognized or not seen before feminism. Although, some anonymity may be relaxing the thought of totally anonymity is undesirable by any human being. The first brush of feminism started in 1848, in Seneca Falls, New York after a two day conference on woman’s rights. 68 women and 32 men sign a Declaration of Sentiment. The declaration declared â€Å"equal treatment of women and men under the law and voting rights for women.† One hundred and twenty-six yearsRead MoreThanksgiving Is A Holiday Of Many Interpretations Essay1595 Wo rds   |  7 Pagesholiday which came to be in Plymouth, Massachusetts during the year of 1621. In its prime, Thanksgiving has been described as â€Å"a three-day festival of eating, hunting, and other entertainment in honor of the pilgrims’ first successful harvest,† (History). What history textbooks around the world do not tell you is that these are only miniscule details regarding what the holiday actually commemorates. According to numerous sources, Thanksgiving has been given a negative reputation for laying the foundationRead MoreProject Report1277 Words   |  6 Pagesit before. By first writing in the Observer, the gist of the project is shown and that will hopefully encourage many to look more deeply and attend the screenings. This is a unique experience to dive more deeply into the ways our culture presents women and how this has a historical significance. The group I hope to impact most are those who do not see the issue with the treatment of gender is this society. True change cannot be made if information is disseminated to only those who agree, this isRead More The Importance of Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters in Susan Glaspells Trifles1112 Words   |  5 Pagesunpleasantness. Mrs. Peters ahs to shake off the mood which the empty rocking chair [evokes] (131) before she continues her conversation with Mrs. Hale. The strange feeling the house provokes prods the women to think more deeply into t he events leading to John Wrights death. This curiosity allows the women to uncover a motive. The reader knows form the authors descriptions and Mrs. Hales testimony that Mrs. Wright leads an unhappy life. She had been neglected and oppressed by her stern husbandRead MoreAccusation And Defense Of The Salem Witchcraft Trials1658 Words   |  7 Pagestrials Suraj Gamal History 1301-73001-73002 JOE L. MCCAMBRIDGE - HISTORY 1301-1302 One of the most infamous Trial in history took place on March 1, 1692. According, to the Library of Congress, Massachusetts authorities catechized Sarah Good, Sarah Osborne, and an Indian Slave, Tituba regarding their practice in witchcraft. The trial resulted in more than 150 men and women in and around Salem jailed on charges of practicing Witchcraft and Sorceries. Nineteen of them were men and women who were eventuallyRead MoreBusiness: Axe Commercial Research Essays1132 Words   |  5 Pagesbody-sprays for men in the past decade. For example, they launched a line of anti-per spirant and deodorant sticks, with shower gels, and hair care products for guys from 2004 to 2009 (unileverusa.com). They even has introduced some body spray for women since 2010 (theguardian.com). Axe also sells deodorant roll-on, antiperspirant aerosol spray, antiperspirant stick, aftershaves and eau de toilette, and skin care products (slideshare.net). Commercial Campaigns Besides new products and packingRead MoreRadio Free Dixie1505 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Analysis: Radio Free Dixie The beginning of black militancy in the United States is said to have begun with the chants â€Å"Black Power† demanded by Stokely Carmichael and Willie Ricks during the 1966 March against Fear. While Carmichael and Ricks may have coined the phrase â€Å"black power†, the roots of the movement had been planted long before by Mr. Robert F. Williams. In Timothy Tyson’s book: Radio Free Dixie: Robert F. Williams and the Roots of Black Power, Tyson details the life ofRead More Little Charity in Eudora Weltys A Visit of Charity Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesLittle Charity in Eudora Weltys A Visit of Charity  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the short story of A Visit of Charity by Eudora Welty, a fourteen-year-old girl visits two women in a home for the elderly to bring them a plant and to earn points for Campfire Girls.   Welty implies through this story, however, that neither the society that supports the home nor the girl, Marian, knows the meaning of the word charity.   The dictionary defines charity as the love of man for his fellow men: an act of good will

Third Generation (3g) Wireless White Paper Free Essays

string(86) " 2G wireless technology is known as Global Systems for Mobile Communications \(GSM\)\." March 2000 Third Generation (3G) Wireless White Paper Trillium Digital Systems, Inc. March 2000 Trillium Digital Systems, Inc. 12100 Wilshire Blvd. We will write a custom essay sample on Third Generation (3g) Wireless White Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now , Suite 1800 Los Angeles, CA 90025-7118 Phone: +1 (310) 442-9222 Fax: +1 (310) 442-1162 Web: http://www. trillium. com (c) 1989 – 2000. Trillium Digital Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Trillium and Trillium Digital Systems are registered trademarks of Trillium Digital Systems, Inc. Other referenced trademarks are trademarks (registered or otherwise) of the respective trademark owners. Printed in U. S.A Information relating to the products furnished herein by Trillium Digital Systems, Inc. is believed to be accurate and reliable. Trillium assumes no liability for errors that may appear in this document, or for liability otherwise arising from the application or use of any such information or product or for any infringement of patents or other intellectual property rights owned by third parties which may result from such application or use. The products, their specifications and the information appearing in this document are subject to change without notice. March 2000 Table of Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.Introduction 3G Wireless Market Drivers Existing Mobile Networks Next Generation Mobile Networks Evolution to 3G Wireless Technology Comparison of 2G and 3G Mobile Networks Trillium’s Wireless Software Solution About Trillium March 2000 1. Introduction Third Generation (3G) mobile devices and services will transform wireless communications into on-line, real-time connectivity. 3G wireless technology will allow an individual to have immediate access to location-specific services that offer information on demand. The first generation of mobile phones consisted of the analog models that emerged in the early 1980s.The second generation of digital mobile phones appeared about ten years later along with the first digital mobile networks. During the second generation, the mobile telecommunications industry experienced exponential growth both in terms of subscribers as well as new types of value-added services. Mobile phones are rapidly becoming the preferred means of personal communication, creating the world’s largest consumer electronics industry. The rapid and efficient deployment of new wireless data and Internet services has emerged as a critical priority for communications equipment manufacturers.Network components that enable wireless data services are fundamental to the next-generation network infrastructure. Wireless data services are expected to see the same explosive growth in demand that Internet services and wireless voice services have seen in recent years. This white paper presents an overview of current technology trends in the wireless technology market, a historical overview of the evolving wireless technologies and an examination of how the communications industry plans to implement 3G wirel ess technology standards to address the growing demand for wireless multimedia services.Finally, this paper presents Trillium’s solutions which enable wireless communications and Internet infrastructure equipment manufacturers to develop 3G network elements for quick and efficient deployment. March 2000 2. 3G Wireless Market Drivers Telecommunications service providers and network operators are embracing the recently adopted global third generation (3G) wireless standards in order to address emerging user demands and to provide new services. The concept of 3G wireless technology represents a shift from voice-centric services to multimedia-oriented (voice, data, video, fax) services.In addition, heavy demand for remote access to personalized data is fueling development of applications, such as the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) and multimedia management, to complement the 3G protocols. Complementary standards, such as Bluetooth, will enable interoperability between a mobile terminal (phone, PDA etc. ) and other electronic devices, such as a laptop/desktop and peripherals, providing added convenience to the consumer and allowing for the synchronization and uploading of information at all times.According to Lehman Brothers, approximately 50 percent of current voice ser vices subscribers are expected to use wireless data services by 2007, instead of 25 percent as previously forecast . Lehman Brothers further predicts that, within seven years, 18 percent of cellular revenues and 21 percent of PCS (personal communications services) revenue will come from wireless data services. Cellular subscriptions are forecast to exceed one billion by 2003 , compared with the 306 million that was forecast at the end of 1998, representing a compound annual growth of 29 percent.Demand for voice services has traditionally been a market driver. However, today, demand for data services has emerged as an equally significant market driver. After many years of stasis, the telecommunications industry is undergoing revolutionary changes due to the impact of increased demand for data services on wireline and wireless networks. Up until recently, data traffic over mobile networks remained low at around 2% due to the bandwidth limitations of the present second-generation (2G) wireless networks.Today, new technologies are quickly emerging that will optimize the transport of data services and offer higher bandwidth in a mobile environment. As a case in point, the increased use of the Internet as an acceptable source for information distribution and retrieval, in conjunction with the increased demand for global mobility has created a need for 3G wireless communications protocols. The third generation of mobile communications will greatly enhance the implementation of sophisticated wireless applications.Users will be able to utilize personal, location-based wireless information and interactive services. Also, many companies and corporations are restructuring their business processes to be able to fully exploit the opportunities provided by the emerging new wireless data services. Many advanced wireless services are already available today, and the introduction of 3G wireless technologies will add to their ubiquity. 2 1 1 2 Business Wire, Feb 25, 2000 Mobile Data Handbook, The Road to Mobile Internet by Merrill Lynch, 24 September 1999 March 2000 . 3. 1 Existing Mobile Networks First Generation Wireless Technology The first generation of wireless mobile communications was based on analog signalling. Analog systems, implemented in North America, were known as Analog Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS), while systems implemented in Europe and the rest of the world were typically identified as a variation of Total Access Communication Systems (TACS). Analog systems were primarily based on circuit-switched technology and designed for voice, not data. 3. 2 Second Generation Wireless TechnologyThe second generation (2G) of the wireless mobile network was based on low-band digital data signalling. The most popular 2G wireless technology is known as Global Systems for Mobile Communications (GSM). You read "Third Generation (3g) Wireless White Paper" in category "Papers" GSM systems, first implemented in 1991, are now operating in about 140 countries and territories around the world. An estimated 248 million users now operate over GSM systems. GSM technology is a combination of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). The first GSM systems used a 25MHz frequency spectrum in the 900MHz band.FDMA is used to divide the available 25MHz of bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies of 200kHz each. Each frequency is then divided using a TDMA scheme into eight timeslots. The use of separate timeslots for transmission and reception simplifies the electronics in the mobile units. Today, GSM systems operate in the 900MHz and 1. 8 GHz bands throughout the world with the exception of the Americas where they operate in the 1. 9 GHz band. In addition to GSM, a similar technology, called Personal Digital Communications (PDC), using TDMA-based technology, emerged in Japan.Since then, several other TDMA-based systems have been deployed worldwide and serve an estimated 89 million people worldwide. While GSM technology was developed in Europe, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technology was developed in North America. CDMA uses spread spectrum technology to break up speech into small, digitized segments and encodes them to identify each call. CDMA systems have been implemented worldwide in about 30 countries and serve an estimated 44 million subscribers. While GSM and other TDMA-based systems have become the dominant 2G wireless technologies, CDMA technology is recognized as providing clearer voice quality with less background noise, fewer dropped calls, enhanced security, greater reliability and greater network capacity. The Second Generation (2G) wireless networks mentioned above are also mostly based on circuit-switched technology. 2G wireless networks are digital and expand the range of applications to more advanced voice services, such as Called Line Identification. G wireless technology can handle some data capabilities such as fax and short message service at the data rate of up to 9. 6 kbps, but it is not suitable for web browsing and multimedia applications. March 2000 4. 4. 1 Next Generation Mobile Networks Second Generation (2G+) Wireless Networks As stated in a previous section, the virtual explosion of Internet usage has had a tremendous impact on the demand for advanced wireless data communication services. However, the effective data rate of 2G circuit-switched wireless systems is relatively slow — too slow for today’s Internet.As a result, GSM, PDC and other TDMA-based mobile system providers and carriers have developed 2G+ technology that is packet-based and increases the data communication speeds to as high as 384kbps. These 2G+ systems are based on the following technologies: High Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) technologies. HSCSD is one step towards 3G wideband mobile data networks. This circuit-switched technology improves the data rates up to 57. 6kbps by introducing 14. 4 kbps data coding and by aggregating 4 radio channels timeslots of 14. kbps. GPRS is an intermediate step that is designed to allow the GSM world to implement a full range of Internet services without waiting for the deployment of full-scale 3G wireless systems. GPRS technology is packet-based and designed to work in parallel with the 2G GSM, PDC and TDMA systems that are used for voice communications and for table look-up to obtain GPRS user profiles in the Location Register databases. GPRS uses a multiple of the 1 to 8 radio channel timeslots in the 200kHz-frequency band allocated for a carrier frequency to enable data speeds of up to 115kbps.The data is packetized and transported over Public Land Mobile Networks (PLMN) using an IP backbone so that mobile users can access services on the Internet, such as SMTP/POP-based e-mail, ftp and HTTP-based Web services. For more information on GPRS, please see Trillium’s General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) White Paper at http://www. trillium. com/whats-new/wp_gprs. html EDGE technology is a standard that has been specified to enhance the throughput per timeslot for both HSCSD and GPRS. The enhancement of HSCSD is called ECSD, whereas the enhancement of GPRS is called EGPRS.In ECSD, the maximum data rate will not increase from 64 kbps due to the restrictions in the A interface, but the data rate per timeslot will triple. Similarly, in EGPRS, the data rate per timeslot will triple and the peak throughput, including all eight timeslots in the radio interface, will exceed 384 kbps. March 2000 GPRS networks consist of an IP-based Public Mobile Land Network (PLMN), Base Station Services (BSS), Mobile handsets (MS), and Mobile Switching Centers (MSC) for circuit-switched network access and databases. The Serving GPRS Support Nodes (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Nodes (GGSN) make up the PLMN.Roaming is accommodated through multiple PLMNs. SGSN and GGSN interface with the Home Location Register (HLR) to retrieve the mobile user’s profiles to facilitate call completion. GGSN provides the connection to external Packet Data Network (PDN), e. g. an Internet backbone or an X. 25 network. The BSS consists of Base Transceiver Stations and Base Station Controllers. The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) receives and transmits over the air interfaces (CDMA, TDMA), providing wireless voice and data connectivity to the mobile handsets.Base Station Controllers (BSC) route the data calls to the packet-switched PLMN over a Frame Relay (FR) link and the voice calls to the Mobile Switching Center (MSC). MSC switches the voice calls to circuit-switched PLMN network such as PSTN and ISDN. MSC accommodates the Visitor Location Register (VLR) to store the roaming subscriber information. The reverse process happens at the destination PLMN and the destination BSS. On the data side, the BSC routes the data calls to the SGSN, and then the data is switched to the external PDN through the GGSN or to another mobile subscriber. Figure 1 shows a GPRS network. PSTN/ ISDN GMSC C MSC E VLR C GPRS Network Internet Gi Gi SGSN Gs Ga Gr HLR, AuC/EIR D Gn SGSN Gn Ga 2G Network GGSN CGF PSDN (X. 25) A Packet Switched Network FR Gb BSC BSS BTS Abis BTS Um March 2000 Figure 2 shows the protocols used in BTS, BSC, SGSN, GGSN, and mobile handsets: IWF MAP TCAP SNDCP BSSAP+ GMM/SM /SMS GTP TCP / UDP IP L2 PHY LLC BSSGP Network Service Q. 922 (Core) PHY GPRS Network Gn GTP TCP / UDP IP L2 PHY LAPB PHY X. 25 TCP / UDP IP L2 SCCP MTP3 MTP2 MTP1 Gn SGSN Ga Ga GGSN CGF Packet Switched Network FR GTP TCP / UDP IP L2 PHY IP / X. 25 GTP TCP / UDP IP L2 PHYGMM/SM MAP TCAP SCCP MTP3 MTP2 MTP1 LLC Relay BSSGP Network Service Q. 922 (Core) PHY BSC Gb Application BSS LLC Relay RLC MAC GSM RF Abis BTS BTS Um IP / X. 25 GMM/ SM/SMS SNDCP LLC RLC MAC GSM RF March 2000 The following is a brief description of each protocol layer in the GPRS network infrastructure:  § Sub-Network Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP): protocol that maps a networklevel protocol, such as IP or X. 25, to the underlying logical link control. SNDCP also provides other functions such as compression, segmentation and multiplexing of network-layer messages to a single virtual connection. Logical Link Control (LLC): a data link layer protocol for GPRS which functions similar to Link Access Protocol – D (LAPD). This layer assures the reliable transfer of user data across a wireless network.  § Base Station System GPRS Protocol (BSSGP): processes routing and quality of service (QoS) information for the BSS. BSSGP uses the Frame Relay Q. 922 core protocol as its transport mechanism.  § GPRS Tunnel Protocol (GTP): protocol that tunnels the protocol data units through the IP backbone by adding routing information. GTP operates on top of TCP/UDP over IP. GPRS Mobility Management (GMM/SM): protocol that operates in the signalling plane of GPRS, handles mobility issues such as roaming, authentication, selection of encryption algorithms and maintains PDP context.  § Network Service: protocol that manages the convergence sub-layer that operates between BSSGP and the Frame Relay Q. 922 Core by mapping BSSGP’s service requests to the appropriate Frame Relay services.  § BSSAP+: protocol that enables paging for voice connections from MSC via SGSN, thus optimizing paging for mobile subscribers. BSSAP+ is also responsible for location and routing updates as well as mobile station alerting. †¢ SCCP, MTP3, MTP2 are protocols used to support Mobile Application Part (MAP) and BSSAP+ in circuit switched PLMNs.  § Mobile Application Part (MAP): supports signaling between SGSN/GGSN and HLR/AuC/EIR. March 2000 4. 2 Third Generation (3G) Wireless Networks 3G wireless technology represents the convergence of various 2G wireless telecommunications systems into a single global system that includes both terrestrial and satellite components.One of the most important aspects of 3G wireless technology is its ability to unify existing cellular standards, such as CDMA, GSM, and TDMA, under one umbrella. The following three air interface modes accomplish this result: wideband CDMA, CDMA2000 and the Universal Wireless Communication (UWC-136) interfaces. Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) is compatible with the current 2G GSM networks prevalent in Europe and parts of Asia. W-CDMA will require bandwidth of between 5Mhz and 10 Mhz, making it a suitable platform for higher capacity applications. It can be overlaid onto existing GSM, TDMA (IS-36) and IS95 networks.Subscribers are likely to access 3G wireless services initially via dual band terminal devices. W-CDMA networks will be used for high-capacity applications and 2G digital wireless systems will be used for voice calls. The second radio interface is CDMA2000 which is backward compatible with the second generation CDMA IS-95 standard predominantly used in US. The third radio interface, Universal Wireless Communications – UWC-136, also called IS-136HS, was proposed by the TIA and designed to comply with ANSI-136, the North American TDMA standard. 3G wireless networks consist of a Radio Access Network (RAN) and a core network.The core network consists of a packet-switched domain, which includes 3G SGSNs and GGSNs, which provide the same functionality that they provide in a GPRS system, and a circuit-switched domain, which includes 3G MSC for switching of voice calls. Charging for services and access is done through the Charging Gateway Function (CGF), which is also part of the core network. RAN functionality is independent from the core network functionality. The access network provides a core network technology independent access for mobile terminals to different types of core networks and network services.Either core network domain can access any appropriate RAN service; e. g. it should be possible to access a â€Å"speech† radio access bearer from the packetswitched domain. March 2000 The Radio Access Network consists of new network elements, known as Node B and Radio Network Controllers (RNCs). Node B is comparable to the Base Transceiver Station in 2G wireless networks. RNC replaces the Base Station Controller. It provides the radio resource management, handover control and support for the connections to circuit-switched and packet-switched domains.The interconnection of the network elements in RAN and between RAN and core network is over Iub, Iur and Iu interfaces based on ATM as a layer 2 switching technology. Data services run from the terminal device over IP, which in turn uses ATM as a reliable transport with QoS. Voice is embedded into ATM from the edge of the network (Node B) and is transported over ATM out of the RNC. The Iu interface is split into 2 parts: circuitswitched and packet-switched. The Iu interface is based on ATM with voice traffic embedded on virtual circuits using AAL2 technology and IP-over-ATM for data traffic using AAL5 technology.These traffic types are switched independently to either 3G SGSN for data or 3G MSC for voice. Figure 3 shows the 3G wireless network architecture. PSTN/ ISDN 3G MSC VLR HLR, AuC/EIR Core Network D Gs Gr Gc Gn Gi Internet 3G SGSN Ga Ga Gi GGSN CGF PSDN (X. 25) Circuit Switched Network Packet Switched Network Iu RNC Iu ATM IP Iur RNC RNS Node B Node B RNS Node B Iub Node B Uu Uu March 2000 Figure 4 shows protocols used in Node B, RNC and mobile handsets. Q. 2630. 1 RANAP / RNSAP SCCP M3UA Circuit Switched Network ATM Iu RNC Packet Switched Network IP Iu RNC GTP NBAP Q. 2150. 2 Q. 2150. 1 MTP3B Q. 2130 Q. 2140 PDCP RRC RLC MAC AAL2 AAL2 CPSUDP IP CIP SSCOP AAL5 SAR AAL5 CPS UDP SCTP I ur I ub RNS Node B Node B Node B IP ATM RNS Node B Q. 2630. 1 NBAP Q. 2150. 2 IP, PPP, OSP PDCP RLC GMM/ SM RRC RLC MAC L1 AAL2 SSSAR AAL2 CPS ATM Q. 2130 SSCOP AAL5 SAR AAL5 CPS MAC L1 March 2000 The following is a brief description of each protocol layer in a 3G wireless network infrastructure:  § Global Mobility Management (GMM): protocol that includes attach, detach, security, and routing area update functionality.  § Node B Application Part (NBAP): provides procedures for paging distribution, broadcast system information and management of dedicated and logical resources. Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP): maps higher level characteristics onto the characteristics of the underlying radio-interface protocols. PDCP also provides protocol transparency for higher layer protocols.  §  § Radio Link Control (RLC): provides a logical link control over the radio interface. Medium Access Control (MAC): controls the access signaling (request and grant) procedures for the radio channel.  § Radio resource Control (RRC): manages the allocation and maintenance of radio communication paths.  § Radio Access Network Application Protocol (RANAP): encapsulates higher layer signaling. Manages the signaling and GTP connections between RNC and 3G-SGSN, and signaling and circuit-switched connections between RNC and 3G MSC.  § Radio Network Service Application Part (RNSAP): provides the communication between RNCs.  § GPRS Tunnel Protocol (GTP): protocol that tunnels the protocol data units through the IP backbone by adding routing information. GTP operates on top of TCP/UDP over IP.  § Mobile Application Part (MAP): supports signaling between SGSN/GGSN and HLR/AuC/EIR.  § AAL2 Signaling (Q. 2630. 1, Q. 2150. 1, Q. 2150. , AAL2 SSSAR, and AAL2 CPS): protocols suite used to transfer voice over ATM backbone using ATM adaptation layer 2.  § Sigtran (SCTP, M3UA): protocols suite used to transfer SCN signaling protocols over IP network. March 2000 5. Evolution to 3G Wireless Technology Initial coverage Initially, 3G wireless technology will be deployed as â€Å"islands† in business areas where more capacity and advanced services are demanded. A complete evolution to 3G wireless technology is mandated by the end of 2000 in Japan (mostly due to capacity requirements) and by the end of 2001 in Europe.NTT DoCoMo is deploying 3G wireless services in Japan in the third quarter of 2000. In contrast, there is no similar mandate in North America and it is more likely that competition will drive the deployment of 3G wireless technology in that region. For example, Nextel Communications has announced that it will be deploying 3G wireless services in North America during the fourth quarter of 2000. The implementation of 3G wireless systems raises several critical issues, such as the successful backward compatibility to air interfaces as well as to deployed infrastructures. Interworking with 2G and 2G+ Wireless NetworksThe existence o f legacy networks in most regions of the world highlights the challenge that communications equipment manufacturers face when implementing next-generation wireless technology. Compatibility and interworking between the new 3G wireless systems and the old legacy networks must be achieved in order to ensure the acceptance of new 3G wireless technology by service providers and end-users. The existing core technology used in mobile networks is based on traditional circuit-switched technology for delivery of voice services. However, this traditional technology is inefficient for the delivery of multimedia services.The core switches for next-generation of mobile networks will be based on packet-switched technology which is better suited for data and multimedia services. Second generation GSM networks consist of BTS, BSC, MSC/VLR and HLR/AuC/EIR network elements. The interfaces between BTS, BSC and MSC/VLR elements are circuit-switched PCM. GPRS technology adds a parallel packet-switched core network. The 2G+ network consists of BSC with packet interfaces to SGSN, GGSN, HLR/AuC/EIR. The interfaces between BSC and SGSN network elements are either Frame Relay and/or ATM so as to provide reliable transport with Quality of Service (QoS).March 2000 3G wireless technology introduces new Radio Access Network (RAN) consisting of Node B and RNC network elements. The 3G Core Network consists of the same entities as GSM and GPRS: 3G MSC/VLR, GMSC, HLR/AuC/EIR, 3G-SGSN, and GGSN. IP technology is used end-to-end for multimedia applications and ATM technology is used to provide reliable transport with QoS. 3G wireless solutions allow for the possibility of having an integrated network for circuit-switched and packet-switched services by utilizing ATM technology. The BSC may evolve into an RNC by using add-on cards or additional hardware that is co-located. The carrier frequency (5Mhz) and the bands (2. 5 to 5Ghz) are different for 3G wireless technology compared to 2G/2G+ wireless technology. Evolution of BSC to RNC requires support for new protocols such as PDCP, RRC, RANAP, RNSAP and NBAP. Therefore, BTS’ evolution into Node B may prove to be difficult and may represent significant capital expenditure on the part of network operators. MSC evolution depends on the selection of a fixed network to carry the requested services. If an ATM network is chosen, then ATM protocols will have to be supported in 3G MSC along with interworking between ATM and existing PSTN/ISDN networks.The evolution of SGSN and GGSN to 3G nodes is relatively easier. Enhancements to GTP protocol and support for new RANAP protocol are necessary to support 3G wireless systems. ATM protocols need to be incorporated to transport the services. The HLR databases evolve into 3G-HLR by adding 3G wireless user profiles. The VLR database must also be updated accordingly. The EIR database needs to change to accommodate new equipment that will be deployed for 3G wireless systems. Finally, global roaming requires compatibility to existing deployment and graceful fallback to an available level when requested services are not available in the region.Towards this end, the Operator Harmonization Group (OHG) is working closely with 3G Partnership Projects (3GPP and 3GPP2) to come up with global standards for 3G wireless protocols. March 2000 6. Comparison of 2G and 3G Mobile Networks As mentioned above, although there are many similarities between 2G and 3G wireless networks (and many of the 2G and 3G components are shared or connected through interworking functions), there are also many differences between the two technologies. Table 1 compares the differences between the core network, the radio portion and other areas of the two networks.Table 1: Comparison between 2G+ and 3G wireless networks Feature Core Network 2G MSC/VLR, GMSC, HLR/AuC/EIR 2G+ MSC/VLR, GMSC, SGSN, GGSN, HLR/AuC/EIR, CGF 3G 3G MSC/VLR (with added interworking and transcoding), GMSC, HLR/AuC/EIR, 3G-SGSN, GGSN, CGF GMM/SM,MM,CM,BSSAP, RANAP,GTP,SCCP, MTP3B, M3UA, SCTP, Q. 2630. 1 (NNI), TCAP, MAP, ISUP, MTP 3, MTP 2, MTP 1, Q. 2140, SSCOP ATM, IP transport Node B, RNC, MS W-CDMA, CDMA2000, IWC-136 GMM/SM, MAC, RLC, PDCP,RRC,Q. 2630. 1(UNI+ NNI),NBAP, RNSAP, RANAP, SCCP, MTP3B, M3UA, SCTP, GTP-U, Q. 2140, Q. 130, SSCOP, CIP New type of terminal Multiple modes Voice, data and video terminals WAP, multimedia mgmt Enhanced HLR, VLR, EIR,AuC Up to 2Mbps MM, CM, BSSAP, SCCP, ISUP,TCAP, MAP, MTP 3, MTP 2, MTP 1 GMM/SM/SMS, MM, CM, GTP, SNDCP,NS, FR, LLC, BSSGP, BSSAP, BSSAP+, SCCP, TCAP, MAP, ISUP, MTP 3, MTP 2, MTP 1 TDM transport Radio Access BTS, BSC, MS FDMA, TDMA, CDMA MM, CM, RR, LAPDm, LAPD, BSSAP, SCCP, MTP 3, MTP 2, MTP 1 TDM, Frame Relay transport BTS, BSC, MS TDMA, CDMA, EDGE MAC, RLC, GMM/SM/SMS, LLC, SNDCP, BSSGP, NS, FR,RR, BSSAP, SCCP, MTP 3, MTP 2, MTP 1Handsets Voice only terminals New type of terminal Dual mode TDMA and CDMA Voice and data terminals WAP, no multimedia support Databases Data Rates HLR, VLR, EIR, AuC Up to 9. 6 Kbps HLR, VLR, EIR, AuC Up to 57. 6 Kbps (HSCSD) Up to 115Kbps (GPRS) Up to 384 Kbps (EDGE) SMS, Internet Restricted, not global Not compatible to 3G Applications Roaming Compatibility Advanced voice, Short Message Service (SMS) Restricted, not global Not compatible to 3G Internet, multimedia Global Compatible to 2G, 2G+ and Bluetooth March 2000 7. Trillium 3G Wireless SolutionsTrillium offers an extensive wireless software solution portfolio for existing 2G network and for upcoming GPRS and 3G wireless systems. In addition to the protocols shown below, Trillium also offers Fault-Tolerance/High-Availability and distributed architecture enhancements to all system solutions. Trillium’s solutions are shown in Tables 2 and 3 below. Table 2: Trillium’s GPRS Software Solutions (underlined) Device Description BTS (Base Transceiver Station) – Responsible for radio transmission / reception in one or more cells within a service area to/from the mobile handsets. BSC (Base Station Controller) – Responsible for controlling the se and the integrity of the radio resources. 2G-SGSN (Serving GPRS Node) – Provides voice and packet data services and management of mobile subscribers. 2G-GGSN (Gateway GPRS Node) – Provides a gateway interface to external Packet Data Networks (PDN) and manages the routing of the tunneled mobile network protocol data units (PDUs) across the PDN. 2G-CGF (Charging Gateway Function) – responsible for billing services Required Protocol s RLC/MAC NS, BSSGP, Q. 922(core) SNDCP, BSSAP+, LLC, BSSGP, NS, Q. 922 (core), GTP, MAP, TCAP,SCCP, MTP3, MTP2, MTP 1, GMM/SM/SMS GTP, MAP, TCAP, SCCP, MTP 3, MTP 2, MTP 1, GMM/SM, X. 5, LAPB GTP` 2G-MS – The 2G mobile station (handset) enhanced to GMM/SM/SMS, SNDCP, RLC/MAC, provide users enhanced voice and data services. LLC 2G-HLR/AuC/EIR –The 2G Home Location Register MAP,TCAP,SCCP,MTP3, MTP 2, MTP 1 Database with User Profiles 2G-MSC/VLR – The 2G Mobile Switching Center and Visitor Location Register Database BSSAP+,SCCP,MTP3, MTP2, MTP 1 March 2000 Table 3: Trillium’s 3G Wireless Software Solutions (underlined) Device Description Node B – Responsible for radio transmission / reception in one or more cells within a service area to/from the mobile handsets.RNC (Radio Network Controller) – Responsible for controlling the use and the integrity of the radio resources. Replaces 2G/2G+ Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Required Protocols RLC/MAC, NBAP, AAL2 Signaling,Q . 2130, SSCOP Base Station Controller (BSC) PDCP, RLC/MAC, RRC, RANAP, RNSAP, NBAP, AAL2 Signaling, SIGTRAN (SCTP/M3UA), GTP, Q. 2130, SSCOP, Q. 2140, MTP3B, SCCP, CIP RANAP, SCTP/M3UA, GTP, Broadband SS7 (SCCP, MTP3B, Q. 2140, SSCOP), CIP, GMM/SM/SMS, MAP, TCAP, MTP 2, MTP 1 GTP, MAP, TCAP, SCCP, MTP 3, MTP 2, MTP 1 G-SGSN (Serving GPRS Node) – Provides voice and packet data services and management of mobile subscribers. 3G-GGSN (Gateway GPRS Node) – Provides a gateway interface to external Packet Data Networks (PDN) and manages the routing of the tunneled mobile network protocol data units (PDUs) across the PDN. 3G-CGF (Charging Gateway Function) – responsible for billing services 3G-MS – The 3G mobile station (handset) enhanced to provide users enhanced voice and data services. 3G-HLR/AuC/EIR –The 3G Home Location Register Database with User Profiles 3G-MSC/VLR – The 3G Mobile Switching Center and Visitor Location Register Database G SGSN 2G GGSN 2G-CGF GTP’ 2G-MS GMM/SM, PDCP, RLC/MAC, RRC 2G-HLR/AuC/EIR 2G-MSC/VLR MAP,TCAP,SCCP,MTP3, MTP 2, MTP 1 BSSAP+,IS UP,SCCP,MTP3, MTP 2, MTP 1, RANAP, SCCP, Q. 2140, SSCOP, AAL2 Signaling March 2000 8. About Trillium Trillium Digital Systems is the leading provider of communications software solutions for the converged network infrastructure. Trillium’s source code solutions are used in more than 500 projects by industry-leading suppliers of wireless, Internet, broadband and telephony products.Trillium’s high-performance, high-availability software and services reduce the time, risk and cost of implementing SS7, IP, H. 323, MGCP, ATM, Wireless and other standards-based communications protocols. Trillium actively participates in the development of 3rd generation systems by developing standards-based wireless communications protocols. It is likely that the first 3G mobile terminals will be multi-mode devices, which means that they will support a number of 2nd generation protocol standards in order to reach wide network coverage and to provide 3rd generation advanced services.Trillium has extensive know-how in all the major communications protocol standards in the world and can provide solutions for many types of networks. Trillium designs all its portable software products using the Trillium Advanced Portability Architecture (TAPAâ„ ¢ ), a set of architectural and coding standards that ensure the software is completely independent of the compiler, processor, operating system and architecture of the target system.This makes Trillium products portable, consistent, reliable, high quality, high performance, flexible, and scaleable. This architecture also ensures that all Trillium protocols can interwork seamlessly in the same or between different networks. As mentioned above, successful implementation, adoption, and overall acceptance of the 3G wireless networks depends largely on the ability of these new mobile networks to interface and interwork with the existing 2G and legacy networks currently deployed worldwide.Trillium offers a broad range of protocols for first- and second-generation mobile networks, legacy networks, and fixed networks. Trillium’s products allow wireless communications e quipment manufacturers to develop â€Å"best-in-class† next-generation mobile networks, to ensure success of the network operator and service provider, and to ensure wide acceptance of the new services by end-users. Additional information is available at http://www. trillium. com. How to cite Third Generation (3g) Wireless White Paper, Papers

Poetic Terminology Essay Example For Students

Poetic Terminology Essay Ballad-a song of sorts with two or more stanzas, sung to a melody, generally of romantic character 7. Blank verse- nurturing verse, generally put in iambic pentameter [EX: The Ball Poem By John Ferryman What is the boy now, who has lost his ball/What, what is he to do? I saw it go/Merrily bouncing, down the street, and then/Merrily over-there it is in the water! ] 8. Concrete poetry- the typographical arrangement of the poem Is as Important as the content of the poem Itself LEG: The author Ellen Hopkins writes concrete poetry In all of her books-?crank, Burned, Impulse, Glass, Identical, and Tricks. ] 9. Connotation- implied meaning associated with certain words LEG: Cheap has a negative connotation, implying that someone is too tight with money. Economical has a positive connotation, implying that someone spends their money wisely. 10. Denotation- literal definition of words 11. Dactyl- In essence, the opposite of anapest. One long or stressed syllable, followed by two short or unstressed syllables. LEG: Basketball Is an example of a dactyl. Baa-skeet-ball (short syllables bold, long syllables underlined)] 12. Diction-a way of speaking, where the specific choice of words makes one sound better, more intelligent. 13. Dramatic monologue- One perso n performs a speech that defines a certain theatrical moment. 14. English sonnet (Shakespearean sonnet) (what is rhyme scheme and how are the 14 lines split)- An English sonnet Is a song following strict Shakespearean sonnets generally have a rhyming scheme of a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d, e-f-e-f, g- g. The last two lines are a couplet. 15. Italian sonnet- Patriarchate sonnet) (what is rhyme scheme and how are the 14 lines split)- The structure is based in parts of an argument: proposition describing the problem then proposes the solution. The ninth line is generally known for being the turn from problem to resolution. It is also traditionally in iambic pentameter as well as English sonnets. The pattern in Italian sonnets starts with a-b-b-a, a-b-b-a, has two options for the middle: c-d-e-c-d-e or c-d-c-c-d-c. 16. Elegy-a melancholy, or plaintive poem generally mourning someone who is dead. [EX: Walt Whitman O Captain! My Captain! Here Captain! Dear father! /This arm is beneath your head;/let is some dream that on deck,] Youve fallen cold and dead] 17. Metaphor- figure of speech that describes something through comparison to something entirely unrelated otherwise. 18. Epic- Traditionally long, it narrates the adventures or lives of heroes fighting their adversaries. 19. Epigram- Satirical and memorable statement, that is brief and interesting. 21. Imagery- descriptive language, written to paint a picture. 22. Iamb-metrical foot in poetry. [EX: Some words that are an iamb would be: behold, amuse, depict, destroy, or insist.