The Definition of Performance Management

A local council has just received approval for  £15 million from the National Lottery to build a new Arts, Media and Cultural Centre but it needs to find the matching capital Money for the project. It has also to find the annual running costs of  £1 million for the new facility at the same sound as it needs to reduce its total Leisure and Arts budget by  £5 million. How can performance management and review processes assist with this complex decision and ensure that effective delivery of the project if agreed? The local council has three main problems to resolve from this scenario. These are: 1. Matching the capital money and running costs of the proposed project. 2. Significantly reducing the leisure and arts budget, the sector in which the proposed project is in. 3. Keeping all major interest groups internally and externally from the project, relatively content. However, the problems involving the interest groups are virtually impossible to resolve. This is due to people's contradicting needs; this creates the task of catering for each individual group†s needs, which is unobtainable. Therefore, the council must take an interest in the most significant party, the public; this includes the implications of the other major problems. Performance management and review can be an aid to this project, by analysing the various options and solutions and deciding on the best course of action. Each of the three main problems may be divided into a list containing various sub problems, which create the overall problems. Each of these problems must be solved by prioritising in order of importance, in order to produce the most effective solution to the project. Performance management has been defined as â€Å"a strategic and integrated approach to delivering sustained success to organisations by improving the performance of the people who work in them and by developing the capabilities of teams and individual contributors: (Armstrong and Baron 1998). Another definition however is that performance management is the systematic design, collection, analysis and review of information. In order to manage there is a need to establish and quantify what may be managed and how. For the ability to use performance management within the project, it needs to be segmented into various sections that can possibly be measured over the duration of the project. The project has multiple objectives that need defining. These objectives are usually defined and the outcomes normally judged using the five E†s: Economy: The effective acquisition of inputs, largely a value for money concept. Efficiency: The ratio of inputs to outputs. The efficiency level will be increased if the output is consistent while input levels fall, or output is raised while input while input remains consistent. Effectiveness: The extent of goal acheivement Equity: Observance of criteria of fairnesss. This is probably the most significant condition for good performance. Electability: Political affirmation of good performance that will prove essential for survival. These five factors aid in providing parameters for judging performance. To enable measurements of the performance, the project needs to be subdivided into various sections known as milestones. To achieve the various milestones, the manager will need to create an action plan. This is a breakdown of what, where and when various activities are going to occur. There are many problems associated with public sector performance management. Some of these problems are as follows: There are not enough targets to attain. There tends to be too many indicators. There is a lethargic reporting style, however the reporting systems tend to be loose. In the case of this project for the local council there needs to be a hierarchy of objectives, these must range from corporate to individual objectives. The corporate objectives for the local council may be as follows: 1. To design, build and tender for the centre within the budget allocated and within any time frame allocated by the capital provider. 2. To allocate appropriate funds from the local authority budget to enable the project for the centre to proceed. 3. To increase, restructure or divert the revenue budgets of the local authority to accommodate the running of the centre. The examples of the objectives above are broad in context. This is deliberately to enable any changes through revenue and allocations of funds to the centre to be accommodated for within the objectives. There may be political issues involved within the development of obtaining these major corporate objectives. These may include the raising of tax, the proposed centre having to match the running costs or possibly the allocation of funds from other local authority departments. These objectives are not as narrowly defined as those from the private sector or if it were a PFI (Private Finance Initiative) project, this is due to the need to insure that all stakeholders may be taken into consideration. Although these objectives are corporate, they usually are allocated to an individual to oversee. This method within the public sector could cause problems within the board; these problems are due to the possibility of one-upmanship. Within the local authority, there are other objectives which must be satisfied, these link and are interdependent with the corporate objectives. An example may be that the Arts and Leisure Director needs to set out his objectives for achieving the design and building requirements. Example – Objective Carry out the Tender procedure within 6 months: – Activity or milestone Action Deadline A. Appoint Consultant By End of Month 1 B. Approve Budget By Start of Month 2 C. Finalise Design By End of Month 2 D. Send spending specification By Start of Month 3 E. Evaluate Tenders By End of Month 4 F. Appoint Contract By End of Month 5 G. Complete Contract By End of Month 6 The Milestones are time related, they can be measured and if slippage occurs, action can be taken to bring the plan back on schedule or negotiations can take place to approve an extension. Another example may be that of the Director of Finance or the treasurer's objective, such as the following: 1. Reassign budget areas and make alterations to the allocations Negotiate the Leisure and Arts Budget. 2. Reallocate revenues for the proposed Leisure and Arts centre for the first year of opening. 3. Construct and consider various options for revenue generation to support the running costs of the proposed facility. Each of these objectives would have numerous milestones, which would be addressed in order to achieve the set objective goals. The objectives and milestones flow down the organisation, each linking into the one higher up the pyramid. The objectives set need to be linked to a review process. This is a crucial tool in timing strategic argument into practical actions – a lever to effectively policy implementation.

Concept to Classroom: Constructivism as a Paradigm for Teaching and Learning Essay

In A Concept to Classroom: Constructivism as a Paradigm for Teaching and Learning, constructivism in a classroom setting is highly valued and is seen as an effective learning approach among students. Constructivism is a theory in which children are active in their own learning and take part in group discussions with their peers, as well as their teacher. A teacher in a constructivist-learning environment can simply ask a general question to his or her students and have them put their thinking caps on. This approach allows students to refer to what they already know, to form new ideas and possibly arrive with several solutions to a problem and finding answers to questions being asked. To begin, there are two types of classrooms that go about their learning approaches differently, due to their beliefs about how children learn. There is the traditional classroom where much of the content learned in the classroom is attained, but not necessarily discussed and then there is the constructivist classroom where children ask questions and their questions are an important part of their learning experience. In a traditional classroom it is likely that the teacher will leave students as they are and will be often seen working alone and using traditional learning materials, such as textbooks and workbooks; whereas in a constructivist classroom, children are working with one another and are engaging in hands on activities to help them better understand a subject matter. Furthermore, although these two approaches have its benefits and its setbacks, coming to a decision as to which approach to use, should be made according to preference and level of comfort. For example, there are some children that feel more comfortable working alone than they do working in groups and sometimes giving a child that option can reflect how he or she intakes new information and how well a child applies their knowledge. If a teacher for instance, is aware that a child performs better when working alone, than she would be more than likely to let that child work alone. A good teacher though, would suggest that the child work in a group even if at the end of the day the child chooses otherwise. As a teacher, it is important to keep in mind that not every student in his or her assigned classroom will be all on the same academic level. Whether taking the traditional idea as opposed to the constructivist idea or vice versa, learning is about finding common ground; a level of balance in the classroom. In any learning environment, the teacher as well as the child is bound to learn something. It can range simply from discovering a child’s biggest fear to learning the teacher’s favorite color. Children comprehend, work, respond, and learn at their own pace and should be given options and with that, the teacher learns about her pupils and his or her pupils learn from the teacher.

Aspects of microeconomics and macroeconomics

Aspects of microeconomics and macroeconomics On this assignment will be looking into different aspect of microeconomics and macroeconomics, will be taken into consideration the definition and concept of the whole question as follow below. Part 1 (Micro section) Q1 To help understands by defining Demand that is the quantity of a good which consumers want, and are prepared and able to pay for. In this case the demand of organic food and drink has fallen sharply, and the main influence for fallen on demand for those products are: price; income; the price of substitute goods; the price of complements; taste; demographic factors; advertising and expectations. Price is one of the most important factors and it shift demand curve when it rises, the effect is shown by a movement along the demand curve, because consumers are likely to substitute cheaper alternative goods. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikibooks/en/c/c1/DemandCurveMovementExample2.png The demand curve is downward-sloping, showing that as a price falls, demand rises, and vi ce versa. In this graphic, a reduction of price from P2 to P1 causes a rise in demand from Q2 to Q1. Usually, the more people earn, the more they will spend. The demand for most goods increase as income rises, and these goods are known as normal goods. And organic food and drink are normal goods, because the demand falls as consumers’ income falls, and vice versa. Demand can change sometimes, because of the expectation of price changes in the future. For example, post-Christmas sales may push customers to postpone spending until January. In an article entitled Food Price, Ellis makes the point that (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) â€Å"The proportion of shoppers buying organic food dropped by five per cent in the previous year. In July 2009, research carried out by marketing consultancy Cohn and Wolfe also reported that British shoppers are turning their backs on premium foods, organic produce and Fair-trade goods. According to the Cohn and Wolfe report, 69 per cent of shoppers say they i ntend to stick to their belt-tightening shopping practices even after the downturn ends† (†¦). www.bbc.co.uk/food/food_matters/foodprices.shtml#what_about_the_recession. Q2 The production possibility frontier illustrates the problems of scarcity and choice and the opportunity cost of resources allocation decisions. The opportunity cost of something is what you give up to get it. To understand the idea the economy, which produce two goods as manufacturing and financial services, with all resources employed, producing more financial services can only be achieved by some sacrifice on manufacturing services. It can be illustrated on diagram below shown. B A 0 The frontier shows all the maximum possible outputs given the economy’s existing quantity of resources. It can have any combination of goods along the line. Point A shows a society which is failing to use all of its resources to the full, either through inefficiency or unemployment. Point B is currently unachievab le, but can be achieved throw economic growth. The shape of the curve is bowed outwards to the origin, is based on the notion of that society progressively allocates more resources to the production of a particular good, the opportunity cost of doing so will increase. In other words the curve is bold because the more input the less is the output.

Audience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Audience - Essay Example This will allow me to satisfactorily accomplish my mission and become well qualified for a good job in our highly competitive job market. As per my resume, you have seen that my academic performance is exemplary and you have not received any disciplinary complaint or any issue from the lecturers. This proves that indeed your finances are being put into good use. Mother, I always read the scriptures, meditate and say my prayers to Buddha. Father, I always steer clear of trouble and I keep good company. I am your investment and after this final year, I will come home and show all of you that indeed I am a respectable and resourceful person in society. You raised me and showed me by example what kind of person to be. As the wise say ‘Giving your child a skill is better than giving him one thousand pieces of gold.’ Mother, father, kindly finance me for only one more year. I have never and will never let you

Law & Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law & Management - Essay Example So, terms of the contract can be defined as the statements that administrate the requirements and rights of the parties to the agreement. Theses are elements that bind the accord and if infringed, legal action may result (Deakin & Markins 2008) Terms can be explicit or implied. Frustration of the contract is usually caused by reason like accidents, changes in statutes, health condition (illnesses) of one of the parties, interference from the third parties. Frustration of the contact is justification to non performance and automatically exonerates the accord with the exception of when the terms of the contact overrule this implied legitimate prerequisite. Nonetheless, frustration of contract cannot be cited as a reason for non performance in case the condition was predictable, and it's not applicable to some categories of contracts for instance insurance policies (Deakin & Markins 2008). Case Law- Harry should understand that he is already in a contract with Ian unless Ian has officially indicated that he does not want the motorcycle anymore. Implied contract is the agreement enforceable by statute and it's as a result of conduct, assumed intentions, or as a result of applying the law principles of equity. For instance, implied contract is when one willingly and knowingly accepts imbursement from another party in conditions where this benefit is clearly not a gift (Lunney & Oliphant 2003). Therefore having agreed to sell the motorcycle to Ian and later on planning to sell it to James is a breach of contract. Harry should find out from Ian if he is still interested in acquiring the motorcycle before making other plans for it. Tort of Negligence: is described as the breach of responsibility or one party failing to exercise the standard of care that is necessary by statute, causing damage to the other party to whom the responsibility was owed. Negligence has become the most essential of the Morden torts. This is because the reported cases of this kind are increasing very fast and due to the fact that the principle underlying it is of wide and general application (Deakin & Markins 2008) In tort law, one can be responsible for the damages caused if he/she owed the claimant duty of care. Duty of care is that legitimate responsibility that is obligatory to an individual or parties in question that demand them to adhere or comply with the standard of reasonable care whenever carrying duties or any activities that may predictably cause damage to others. In fact, this is usually the first element that has to be established for a claim for negligence can be filed (Deakin & Markins 2008) The claimant cannot claim that there is liability in law unless he/she is able to establish that he/she was owed the duty of care and that that duty owed was infringed. The defendant will have violated the duty towards the claimant if his/her conduct has fallen short what the standard care is as this is what was expected to be met in

Direct Marketing is an invasion of people's privacy. Discuss this Essay

Direct Marketing is an invasion of people's privacy. Discuss this statement - Essay Example Two, direct marketing attempts to promote a specified call to action, for instance, an advertisement may require the customer to either click on a link to a website or calla free telephone number. Three, direct marketing lays emphasis on measurable, traceable reactions from clients without regard for the medium that is utilized (Tapp 2004, p. 9). In addition, direct marketing is utilized by businesses of all magnitudes, from the ones that are in their initial stages to the most developed ones. A correctly planned and implemented direct marketing advertisement may prove definite earnings on investment by indicating how a large number of probable clients reacted to a concise call to action. Standard advertisements avoid call for action in preference of communications that attempt to develop prospects’ emotional engagement or awareness with a product. Even properly developed standard advertisements infrequently can prove their effect on the end result of an organization (Blankens hip, Breen & Dutka 1998, p. 72). This paper will discuss the statement direct marketing is an invasion of people’s privacy. ... Direct mail explains messages conveyed to possible donors or clients through the postal service and different delivery services. Direct mail is distributed to clients on the basis of criteria, for example, buying pattern, age, profession, location, income, among others, for example, it may be in the form of a post card with the heading â€Å"Lose extra fat in two weeks†. Bulk mailings are a specifically prevalent technique of promotion for organizations functioning in the travel and tourism sectors, home computer, and financial services (Adcock & Al Halborg 2001, p. 15). Advertisers frequently enhance direct mail activities into targeted mailing, in which mail is distributed using database assessment to choose receivers perceived to be most probable to react in a positive way. For instance, an individual who shows preference for swimming may get direct mail for swimming-associated commodities (Adcock & Al Halborg 2001, p. 15). Using mobile marketing, marketers communicate with potential donors and clients in an interactive way through a mobile network or device, for example, a smartphone or cellphone. Forms of mobile marketing messages include mobile applications, multi-media message service, and a short message service. Market communications are sent through mobile applications, audio, videos, and images, and text messages. Email marketing is also becoming the most largely utilized direct marketing techniques. The popularity of email marketing is because it is relatively affordable to send, test, and design an email messages. Email marketing permits marketers to send messages at all times, and to correctly determine reactions (O'guinn 2008, p. 625). For example, Burger King lately developed a mobile Web site so as attract customers to its restaurants.

Iphone 5 Holographic laser Key Board & Wide Screen Projector Term Paper

Iphone 5 Holographic laser Key Board & Wide Screen Projector - Term Paper Example In the computer market, where this company has traditionally been very strong, Apple has continued to strengthen its products by increasing their quality especially in desktops and laptops (Rouse, 1999). The latter has led to a great increase in the sales of the company, the sales in the Mac units alone brought in more than 10 billion dollars in revenue to the company, and this was a forty percent increase in sales from the previous year. Its continued innovative style and its ingenious marketing strategy, especially when unveiling new products, have continued to make Apple one of the leading companies in the IT sector. II. SITUATION ANALYSIS a) INDUSTRY There seems to be always a shift in the priorities of the IT sector every few years and this is most likely because this sector is currently thick with new product developments from the different companies involved in it. These products have become a part of everyday life and very few people all over the world can do without them. It is therefore certain that the demand for IT products, especially those developed by Apple, is going to continue rising significantly unless another company comes up with better and more advanced products than the ones it currently has on the market. There have been dramatic improvements in the functionality of Apple products and this can be exemplified by the recently introduced iPhone 5. This has been facilitated through the development of faster chips as well as the simplification of wireless technology as well as network servers to ensure that there is faster access to information through the internet (Yao, 2012). The IT industry is heavily influenced by the popular culture more than anything else is and it is because of this that many of the companies involved in it have remained successful through the years. b) COMPETITION In recent years, it can be said that most of the companies that manufactured computers such as Dell and Alien ware have been major competitors of Apple in t he market. Furthermore, Apple has come to face fierce competition from other companies in the online media sector and the greatest of these rivals has been Samsung, which has tended to produce products similar to those of Apple only selling them at cheaper prices (Burt, 2005). c) COMPANY The greatest strength of Apple as an IT company has been its ability to gauge and make the products which the public like and would like to acquire. Moreover, because of the high quality of its products, this company has come to be well known all over the world. Innovation is one of the things, which keep Apple going, and in fact, it is the main reason for its success globally. However, this company also has some core weaknesses and one of these is the competition, which it has with other companies that try very hard to outdo it by attempting to make better products. Furthermore, Apple products tend to be quite expensive and this discourages people from buying them even though they would have liked to (May Wong, 2005). Apple is one of the leading IT companies in the world and its progress in the market has risen over the years. This means that that the rate of its growth in the market has increased hence opened new doors for more ideas hence increased growth opportunities more and more. Many other IT

Negotiation plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Negotiation plan - Essay Example (2005), sufficient preparation provide the opportunity to clearly describe the goals, recognition of core issues, understanding of parties involved and to assess the effectiveness of the strategies adopted for the negotiation. It is the successful preparation phase which ensures that delegation moves closer to the success as defined by the objectives of negotiation. Following is the preparation plan for negotiation of a Dairy Company XYZ with the employee union, the number of permanent and full time employees exceeds one hundred and all of them are members of this union. They approached the management with some demands and issues, several meetings were held and many issues were resolved but the parties still have differences on some of the crucial issues. Both the parties are eager to finalize the issues and differences in the upcoming meeting. As the leader of the delegation from the Dairy Company, I propose the following negotiation plan. Most of the issues including pay rates, classification structure, number o annual leaves, daily break for meal etc have been resolved in the previous meetings. Among five issues that require resolution in the next meeting include: The goal of the group is to achieve agreement on the three core issues including the life of the agreement, factors that will serve as basis for the increase in wages and hour’s roster. The union demands that the agreement should be for one year, wages should be increased according to the increase in the inflation and increase in the output from the beginning of the year 2011 to till date and roster hour should be set to 152 hours per four weeks cycle. The goals set by the group are to fix the agreement life for three years; wages should be increased with productivity rather than inflation and increase should be from the start of the agreement while the roaster hour should be flexible and company can change it on a notice of two days as compared to the five days demanded by the Union. The life

Why to get out of the Navy after 10 years of service Essay

Why to get out of the Navy after 10 years of service - Essay Example ed performance of duty until a service member is approved for length of service retirement creates a rebuttable presumption that a service member’s medical conditions have not caused premature career termination. In that situation, the PEB finds these members to be PFit. A finding of PFit means that the evidence presented to achieving retirement eligibility. Members found to be PFit have the same rights within the DES as those found Fit. While members found PFit are not eligible for disability retirement, they are still eligible for retirement under other provisions of law, as well as for evaluation by the Department of Veteran’s Affairs for disability compensation. In this paper we would be discussing on the ground taken by U.S on the separation of naval officers in the past and the reasons for the same. A service member is unfit to continue naval service when one or more physical and/or mental disabilities prevent him or her from reasonably performing the duties of his or her office, grade, rank, or rating. The PEB makes the decision on Fitness by balancing the extent of a member’s disability, as shown through objective medical and performance evidence, against the requirements and duties that the member may reasonably be expected to perform in his or her office, grade, rank, or rating. Typical medical evidence used by the PEB includes a narrative summary written by the Medical Evaluation Board (MEB), history and treatment of the injury or illness, referrals to doctors and sick call, and type and frequency of medication. Performance evidence includes non-medical assessments from the member’s command, personnel records, promotions, awards, and adverse personnel actions. In the period between the Spanish-American War and the U.S. entry into the war in Europe in 1917, new sources of Army officers were experimented with and expanded, federal authority over the militia was extended, and an Army reserve officer corps was established. The Navy formally

General Information System or Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

General Information System or Internet - Essay Example The kingdom of Saudi Arabia allowed internet connection in the 1990’s after a long deliberation of the effect that it would have on its citizen (Ghafour , 2006). The internet connection  was allowed  with some censuring to eradicate materials that were against the culture of the people. This would  make sure  internet connection  was used  only for positive purposes. The internet led to adoption of e-government. This service would allow citizens receive most government services online without travelling to government offices. Internet connection  allows service access by even those citizens who are outside the physical boundaries of the Kingdom.    Government services provided online E-Health system This is an online electronic health system. It  was launched  after a series of tests to help in running of health services in the kingdom.   The system offers service of data collection and storage on patients. Hospitals are using it to manage both out patien ts and in patients. Clinics  have been provided  with access to the system to enable them in managing their resources.   Resources managed are laboratories equipment, medicine available in the pharmacy and staffing levels in the different clinics.  The ability of  the system to store information on patients, enable care taker access patients information in one file and automatically. The system eliminates the manual filing system that  was used  in storing information in hospitals. The multi user  ability, embedded in the system assists  in the elimination of  duplication of patient details. This  is enabled  by ability of multiple health units accessing the patient data from a central storage unit online. The advantages derived from using this web base system is allowing for timely access to data stored about patients. Analysis on common diseases can also be done. This only requires integrating the correct tools of data mining on the data store created to ge nerate a report. The reports  can be  used by government institutions in making proactive decisions of something that might happen in the future. The online system also enables health centres share information easily because of the uniform working platform provided. Data mining in the data centres  can be  done to  give  government with statistics to make decisions in the health centres. These statistics may include death rate and diseases causing deaths in the kingdom. Adoption of the e-health system  has been seen  as an advantage to the government in the health services provision. This is leading to need of connecting more and more health units to the system to improve on service delivery (Alcantara, 2008). Electronic immigration Services This is an online portal that enables Saudi Arabia nationals and expatriates receive immigration services through an online. The services  are provided by the  ministry of interior of Saudi charged with responsibility of offe ring and cancelling visas. The services provided online include visa application, resident  permit  application and checking on  the validity of one’s public health insurance. Prior registration  is needed  for users  to use  these services. A  need  for registration is to hold Saudi national identification number. The person visits the portal and feels this number for verification purposes. Verification will  make sure  that the number is genuine, and the holder has the right  to use  the portal. After verification, the portal has an automatic

Teen angst monologue Essay Example for Free

Teen angst monologue Essay I dont get it, why is it when you become a teenager everything gets so complicated and baffling? I mean, why are we supposed to know how to wear make up, get on diets, wear tight clothing, control our calorie intake and the list goes on and on and on. Is there some unwritten law that when you become a teenager you move into the realm of insanity? Well its as if Im on one crazy roller coaster ride thats taking forever to end. Think about it Youre supposed to party in order to be cool, listen to songs with lyrics filled with one word repeated over and over again like the baby baby baby song and whats with Kesha, no one wakes up in the morning and feel like p diddy and you definitely dont brush your teeth with some jack daniels. Hold on, jack daniels is a person right? Huh? (break) Hang on let me google it. Oh jack daniels is brand of some hard liquor. How can you feel like a g6? Ugh and things dont stop there, Im supposed to wash my face BEFORE I exercise to prevent build-up. No, Im supposed to wash my face AFTER I exercise to prevent break-outs. Im NOT SUPPOSED to eat chocolate because it causes pimples. Wait, Im SUPPOSED to eat chocolate before I take a test, because its great, brain food. Scratch that, I guess dark chocolate is an exception. Then again, Im SUPPOSED to have lots of foods hat are rich in iron to help my circulation. Hold on, now, Im NOT SUPPOSED to have a lot of iron because it prevents my body from absorbing calcium properly. When Im at school I feel like Im in dire need of more vacations but by the time the school gives out one long summer vacation it feels like I cant wait to get back to school even with the reason of only wanting to go meet my friends. I love my parents but there are times when I just want to avoid them and lock myself inside my room for days. The dillemas that I face on a daily basis like what outfits to wear, yesterday it looked as if my closet was filled with clothes but today when I tried to find the right outfit, my closet looked empty! There was that one quote that says the hardest part about being a teenager is dealing with other teenagers the criticism and the ridicule, the gossip and rumors. That quote is so true because backstabbers are everywhere but if there werent any backstabbers then I wouldnt know who my real friends are. And real friends are really hard to find, its like a finding a needle inside a haystack. Boys boys boys, what else is there to say? Phewww how did we all deal with heartaches and heartbreaks? People avoid you for being too innocent and so that means theyre more attracted to dirtiness? Ew why is the world so upside down? Wow, if I can survive being a confused teenager I think I can pretty much survive anything!

Survey and question design Essay Example for Free

Survey and question design Essay Initial design considerations Before you design your survey Clearly articulate the goals of your survey. Why are you running a survey? What, specifically, will you do with the survey results? How will the information help you improve your customers experience with your agency? Make sure that each question will give you the right kind of feedback to achieve your survey goals. When in doubt, contact a statistician or survey expert for help with survey and question design. Survey design The opening should introduce the survey, explain who is collecting the feedback and why. You should also include some reasons for participation, and share details about the confidentiality of the information you are collecting. The introduction should set expectations about survey length and estimate the time it will take someone to complete. Opening questions should be easy to answer, to increase participant trust and encourage them to continue answering questions. Ensure questions are relevant to participants, to reduce abandonment. To minimize confusion, questions should follow a logical flow, with similar questions grouped together. Keep your survey short and to the point fewer questions will deliver a higher response rate. If you have sensitive questions, or questions requesting personal information, include them towards the end of the survey, after trust has been built. Thank your participants after theyve completed the survey. Test your survey with a small group before launch. Have participants share what they are thinking as they fill out each question, and make improvements where necessary. Question design  Keep questions short and easy to read. The longer and more complex the questions, the less accurate feedback youll get. This is particularly true of phone surveys. Keep questions easy to answer, otherwise participants may abandon the survey, or provide incorrect information (e.g., giving the same  answer/value for all questions, simply to get through the survey). Keep required questions to a minimum. If a participant can’t or doesn’t want to answer a required question, they may abandon the survey. Use a consistent rating scale (e.g., if 5=high and 1=low, keep this consistent throughout all survey questions). For rating scales, make sure your scale is balanced (e.g., provide an equal number of positive and negative response options). Label each point in a response scale to ensure clarity and equal weight to each response option. For closed-ended questions, include all possible answers, and make sure there is no overlap between answer options. Use consistent word choices and definitions throughout the survey. Avoid technical jargon and use language familiar to participants. Be as precise as possible to avoid word choice confusion. Avoid words like â€Å"often† or â€Å"rarely†, which may mean different things to different people. Instead, use a precise phrase like â€Å"fewer than three times per week.† Try to construct the questions as objectively as possible. Common survey question types and examples Multiple choice questions Questions with two or more answer options. Useful for all types of feedback, including collecting demographic information. Answers can be yes/no or a choice of multiple answers. Beware of leaving out an answer option, or using answer options that are not mutually exclusive. Example 1: Are you a U.S. Citizen? Yes / No Example 2: How many times have you called our agency about this issue in the past month? Once Twice Three times More than three times Dont know/not sure Rank order scale questions Questions that require the ranking of potential answer choices by a specific characteristic. These questions can provide insight into how important something is to a customer. Best in online or paper surveys, but doesnt work too well in phone surveys. Rating scale questions Questions that use a rating scale for responses. This type of question is useful for determining the prevalence of an attitude, opinion, knowledge or behavior. There are two common types of scales: Likert scale Participants are typically asked whether they agree or disagree with a statement. Responses often range from â€Å"strongly disagree† to â€Å"strongly agree,† with five total answer options. (For additional answer options, see table below.) Each option is ascribed a score or weight (1 = strong disagree to 5 = strongly agree), and these scores can be used in survey response analysis. For scaled questions, it is important to include a â€Å"neutral† category (â€Å"Neither Agree nor Disagree† below). Guidelines for using a 5-point scale Semantic differential scale In a question using a semantic differential scale, the ends of the scale are labeled with contrasting statements. The scales can vary, typically using either five or seven points. Open-ended questions Questions where there are no specified answer choices. These are particularly helpful for collecting feedback from your participants about their attitudes or opinions. However, these questions may require extra time or can be challenging to answer, so participants may skip the questions or abandon the survey. In addition, the analysis of open-ended questions can be difficult to automate, and may require extra time or resources to review. Consider providing extra motivation to elicit a response (e.g., â€Å"Your comments will help us improve our website†) and ensure there is enough space for a complete response. Example: What are two ways we could have improved your experience with our agency today? We take your feedback very seriously and review comments daily. Avoid these common question design pitfalls Asking two questions at once (double-barreled questions) Example: How satisfied are you with the hours and location of our offices? [ 1=very dissatisfied, 5=very satisfied] You wont be able to tell whether the participant is responding about the time, or the location, so you should ask this as two separate questions. Leaving out a response choice Example: How many times in the past month have you visited our website? [ 0 1-2 3-4 5 or more] Always include an option for not applicable or don’t know, since some people will not know or remember, and if they guess, their answer will skew the results. Leading questions Based on their structure, certain questions can â€Å"lead† participants to a specific response: Example: This agency was recently ranked as number one in customer satisfaction in the federal government. How satisfied are you with your experience today? [ 1=very dissatisfied, 5=very satisfied] The first statement influences the response to the question by providing additional information that leads respondents to a positive response, so you should leave that text out. Built-in assumptions Questions that assume familiarity with a given topic: Example: This website is an improvement over our last website. [ 1=strongly disagree, 5=strongly agree] This question assumes that the survey participant has experience with the earlier version of the website. Tips for technology-based surveys Skip logic or conditional branching When creating technology-based surveys, skip logic can be helpful. Skip logic enables you to guide participants to a specific follow-up question, based on a response to an earlier question. This technique can be used to minimize non-relevant questions for each participant, and for filtering out survey participants. For example, if you are looking for U.S. citizens only to fill out certain parts of your survey, anyone who answers â€Å"no† to the question â€Å"Are you a U. S. citizen?† can be skipped to the next relevant section.

Diversity of Fungal Endophytes in Cymbopogon Caesius

Diversity of Fungal Endophytes in Cymbopogon Caesius Diversity of Fungal Endophytes in Cymbopogon caesius (Hook. Arn.) Stapf. of Kemmannugundi Regions of Karnataka, India Avinash K.S. and Y.L. Krishnamurthy* Abstract: Cymbopogon grass produces many bioactive compounds and used for many medicinal purposes. In this study healthy leaf, stem and root segments were cultured on media like Potato dextrose agar and Malt extract agar medium and pure cultured. Endophytic fungi were isolated from 1200 samples of Cymbopogon caesius grass collected from Kemmannugundi regions of Karnataka. Overall 56% of colonisation rate from surface sterilised tissues were recorded. About 30 different fungal species were isolated and 12 were identified and 18 were grouped as morph taxa. Less isolates were recovered from leaf segments and more isolates were recovered from root segments. Curvularia sp. and Fusarium sp. were frequently isolated endophytes with the high colonisation rate. Key Words: Endophytes, Cymbopogon caesius, Grass, Curvularia, Fusarium. 1. Introduction Endophytes are microorganisms which live inside the host without causing any negative effect by their presence. The plant and endophytic fungi show symbiotic association. Plant protects and feeds the endophyte which in return produces bioactive secondary metabolites to enhance the growth and competitiveness of the host in nature (Carrol, 1988 and Hong Lu et al., 2000). Endophytes are widely investigated for their bioactive metabolites and have proven to produce potential compounds which are applicable in medicine (Clovis and Ewald, 2012). The compounds usually isolated from medicinal plants may not be plant metabolites they may be from fungal endophytes which reside in the host plant. Endophytes of tropical plants are among the groups of fungi that have been studied to arrive at the predicted figure of 1.5 million (Hawksworth, 1991; Subramanian et al 2003) Cymbopogon species are traditional medicinal grasses well recognised for its aromatic oil. Cymbopogon caesius grass was wide spread in areas of Kemmannugundi of Chikmagalur Dist, Karnataka. Despite the wide distribution of Cymbopogon grass along the central Western Ghats of Karnataka only limited work has been done for their association with fungal endophytes. Even though the oil extracted from the grass has been used in medicine currently there is no enough information regarding the diversity of the fungal endophytes with the species. We have selected Cymbopogon caesius (Hook. Arn.) Stapf for the study of diversity of the fungal endophytes. Fungi were isolated from leaves, stem and root followed by the surface sterilisation process. The objectives of the study were to isolate and identify the fungal endophytes from different parts of Cymbopogon caeceous grass of Kemmannugundi regions of Karnataka. 2. Meterials and Methods 2.1 Sampling: C. caeseus (root, stem and leaf samples) was collected from Kemmannugundi (13 º2826 N 75 º4450 E 4275ft) Chikmagalur District. Roots were collected with a ball of soil so that to avoid damage to the roots. Twenty healthy looking culms of grass were collected and transported in a clean polythene bag in closed condition and processed within 24 hour of collection. 2.2 Isolation of fungi The collected samples were washed thoroughly by running tap water to clean soil from roots and were cut into small pieces. The cut segments were surface sterilised using 70% ethanol followed by immersion in 3% Sodium hypochlorite for 4 minutes and again washed twice with distilled water (Maheshwari and Rajagopal, 2013). The efficacy of the surface sterilisation was confirmed by pressing the sterilised segments onto the surface of the medium, the surface sterilised small pieces were cut into .03-.05cm segments (Chuyang et al., 2001). Four hundred segments were inoculated into potato dextrose agar medium which is supplemented with 100mg of Amoxillin to inhibit the growth of bacteria. The inoculated petri plates were wrapped with petriseal and incubated at 27  ±1 degree centigrade. The plates were observed daily after 3 days of inoculation up to one month the emerged fungal endophytes were transferred to new petri plates containing PDA Medium. 2.3 Identification of Endophytic fungi For the identification of endophytic fungi, slides were prepared from pure cultures and were stained with Lacto phenol cotton blue stain and observed under Karl Zeiss Primo star microscope. Morphological Characteristics such as growth pattern colour of colony, mycelium texture, spore production type and characters of the spore (Barnet Hunter, Ellis, Subramanian). 3. Statistical analysis The colonisation rate (CR) was determined by total number of segments yielding endophytes divided by the total number of segments inoculated (Petrini et al., 1982). Number of segments yielding endophytes Total number of segments inoculated 4. Results A total of 959 isolates of endophytes were recovered out of 1200 segments inoculated. Total 400 segments each of root, stem and leaf segments were inoculated for the isolation of endophytes. Most frequently found endophytes were Fusarium oxysporum (11.46%), Aspergillus clavatus (8.7%), and Curvularia spp. (7.78%) (Table 1). Table 1: Colonisation Frequency of fungal endophytes of C. caesius. Sl. No. Endophyte Name Colonisation frequency (%) Root Stem Leaf Total Alternaria alternata 4.1 1.09 1.73 Aspergillus clavatus 15.3 6.0 4.8 8.7 Bipolaris Sp. 2.00 0.66 Cephalosporium sp. 0.8 1.9 0.9 Cladosporium sp. 0.6 0.2 0.26 Curvularia andropogonis 16.0 5.2 1.7 7.63 Curvularia lunata 12.2 7.9 3.7 7.93 Fusarium oxysporum 16.1 11.9 6.4 11.46 Hansfordia ovalispora 0.9 0.3 Oidiodendron sp. 1.6 0.9 0.83 Trichoderma sp. 0.4 1.3 0.56 Wardomyces anomala 0.6 0.2 Unidentified Morphotypes 16.4 14.3 14.6 15.1 Table 2: Infection frequency and isolation rate of fungal endophytes of C. caesius. C. caesius plant tissues Leaves Stem Root Total Number of Samples 400 400 400 1200 Number of isolates recovered 126 198 348 672 Colonisation rate 31.5% 49.5% 87% 56% Number of Morph taxa 4 5 9 18 More isolates of endophytes (87%) were recovered from the root segments of the Cymbopogon grass compared to stem (49.49%) and leaf segments (56%). 18 unidentified fungi were numbered and stored as morph taxa. 5. Discussion The Cymbopogon grass is the very popular for its aromatic oil. The purpose of the study was to document endophytic diversity of Cymbopogon grass of the study area which was widely distributed in the area. The endophytic fungi were cultivated on artificial medium (PDA) as pure culture. Some of the fungi exhibited characteristic colony characters and microscopic characters which were helpful in identifying them whereas some of the fungus was produced good mycelia but did not show any sporulation were kept as morph types. All the isolated endophytes belonging to 11 different genera. The endophytes were more resided in root. The endophytes may not show any host specificity as they were recovered from different groups of plants (Petrini 1986). In the present investigation leaves, stems and roots of C. caesius were used for isolation of endophytic fungi. The fungal colonisation was higher in roots as compare to stem and leaves. Higher colonisation of endophytes in leaf and stem tissues, as compared to roots, was reported by Siegel and Latch (1991) and Clay and Schardle (2002) Ajay et al (2012) in grasses and in the study of medicinal plant species leaves colonised greater number of endophytes compared to stem and bark (Raviraja 2005). About 11 genera of fungal species were isolated which indicates the various fungal populations in the grass. The variation in the colonisation rate depends on the host habitat, Soil environment (Shankar Naik et al, 2014). In the study the CR is varied in different parts of the plant. The more number of fungal endophytes isolated from root which similar to the results of Sita et, al., 2011 where thy obtained almost three times more endophytes in roots compared to shoot tissues. Fungi have been widely investigated as a source of bioactive compounds. An excellent example of this is the anticancer drug, taxol, which had been previously supposed to occur only in the plants (Strobel Daisy, 2003) in this aspect present study is very relevant to explore more useful fungal endophytes. 6. Acknowledgement The authors are gratefully thankful to Kuvempu University Shankaraghatta Shimoga for constant support throughout the study and Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India, New Delhi for Financial assistance. 7. References [1] Chunying Zhang, Lijuan Yin, Silan Dai, Diversity of root-associated fungal endophytes in Rhododendron fortune in subtropical forests of China, Mycorrhiza. 19(2009) 417-423. [2] Carroll, G. C, Fungal endophytes in stems and leaves: From latent pathogen to mutualistic symbiont, Ecology. 692 (1988) -9. [3] Hawksworth,D. L, The fungal dimension of biodiversity :magnitude, significance, and conservation, Mycol. Res. 95(1991) 641-655. [4] Petrini, 0. Stone, j. Carroll, F. Endophytic fungi in evergreen shrubs in western Oregon: a preliminary study, Canadian Journal of Botany. 60(1982) 789-796. [5] Petrini, O, Taxonomy of endophytic fungi of aerial plant tissues. In Microbiology of the Phyllosphere (ed. N. j. Fokkema ). van den Heuvel), 1986, pp. 175-187. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. [6] Pramuan Saithong, Wanchai Panthavee, Siriporn Stonsaovapak and Li Congfa, Isolation and primary identification of endophytic fungi from Cephalotaxus mannii trees, Maejo International journal of Science and Technology. 4(03) (2010) 446-453. [7] Raviraja N S, Fungal endophytes in five medicinal plant species from Kudremukh Range, Western Ghats of India, Journal of Basic Microbiology. 45(3) (2005) 230-235. [8] Shankar Naik B, Krishnappa M, Krishnamurthy Y L. Endophytic assemblage in Strychnous nuxvomica L. and antagonistic activities in vitro, Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection. 2014. [9] Sita R Ghimire, Nikki D Charlton, Jeremey D Bell, Yelugere L Krishnamurthy and Kelly D Craven, Biodiversity of fungal endophyte communities inhabiting switch grass (Panicum virgatum L.) growing in the native tall grass prairie of northern Oklahoma, Fungal Diversity. 47(2011)19-27. [10] Suryanarayanan T S and Kumaresan V, Endophytic fungi of some halophytes from an estuarine mangrove forest, Mycological Research. 104(12) (2000) 1465-1467. [11] Hong Lu, Wen Xin Zou, Jun Cai Meng, Jun Hu, Ren Xiang Tan, New bioactive metabolites produced by Colletotrichum sp., an endophytic fungus in Artemisia annua, Plant Science 151 (2000) 67–73. [12] Clovis Douanla-Meli,Ewald Langer, Diversity and molecular phylogeny of fungal endophytes associated with Diospyros crassiflora, Mycology 3(3) (2012):175-187. [13] Maheswari, S., and Rajagopal, K, Biodiversity of endophytic fungi in Kigelia pinnata during two different seasons, Curr. Sci. 104(2013): 515-518. [14] Barnett, H.L., and Hunter, B.B., 1972.Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi, 3rd ed. Burgess publishing company, USA.pp. 218. [15] Ellis M B, More Dematiaceous Hypomycetes, Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Suirrey, England, 1976. [16] Siegel MR, Latch GCM., Expression of antifungal activity in agar culture by isolates of grass endophytes, Mycologia, 83(1991) 529–537. [17] Clay K, Schardle CL., Evolutionary origin and ecological consequences of endophyte symbiosis with grasses, Am Nat, 160(2002) S99–S127. [18] Ajay Kumar Gautam , Mona Kant Yogita Thakur., Isolation of endophytic fungi from Cannabis sativa and study their antifungal potential, Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection, Vol. 46 (2013), No. 6, 627–635. [19] Gary Strobel and  Bryn Daisy, Bioprospecting for Microbial Endophytes and Their Natural Products, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 67(4)2003: 491–502.

Employment :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Empluyment Many years ago, it wasn’t hard at all to keep employees loyal and happy in their work. That was because the man of the house was mainly the sole provider for a wife and two to three kids. All they basically wanted was security and to be a happy family. It’s not so easy in today’s modern world where an employee has so many more options. I will discuss how we manage to keep employees loyal and satisfied in their jobs at our company. The role of the manager is very wide, expansive and covers several different areas all at once. Our managers act as something similar to a press secretary in that they escort visitors and play tour manager of course, they also handle all the human relations tasks such as hiring, firing and motivating the employees under their charge. So far as relational roles they also act as liaison due to the fact that much of the information they use they acquire from the employees. Our manager’s act in several other roles with the information they receive. As a monitor in that they attempt to predict what to expect of competitors. Secondly, as a disseminator because much information has to be relayed to employees either by the manager or through some sort of media. Thirdly, with visitors they tend to act as spokesperson, also. Managers have to make many decisions in our organization because we try to avoid micromanagement, Due to the avoidance of that micromanagement the manager tends to act as entrepreneur sometimes because they are making decisions that will affect the organization as a whole. Secondly, they act as police somewhat in that they need to settle disputes between employees. They handle the acquisition of supplies, also, whether it is personnel, physical supplies or monetary resources. Lastly, our managers also need to act as negotiators because they may need to sacrifice something important out of their own team to gain an important piece of equipment from another team. The organization plays a very large role in motivation and morale employees need to know that when they come to work everyday they won’t have several different tasks thrown at them throughout the day. This reflects totally as to how the individual reacts towards the organization. We combat this â€Å" Hey, you!† effect in our organization with a couple of methods.

Henry James The Aspern Papers -- Henry james Aspern papers Essays

Henry James' The Aspern Papers The Aspern Papers by Henry James illustrates a classic opposition throughout the story: the underestimation of the old by the young. The narrator, Aspern’s publisher, sets himself to the task of retrieving several mysterious â€Å"papers† from a former lover of his idol, and goes in with the easy confidence of a young man who never dreams that anyone, much less an elderly lady, could be not one, but in fact several, steps ahead of him at all times in his hunt for literary gold. The relationship between Miss Bordereau and the narrator is that of the cat and the mouse, with the narrator believing he is the cat, and Miss Bordereau knowing that she has the upper hand by the simple fact of possession. The narrator is certain the love letters exist, but Miss Bordereau has no intention of turning over her private affairs to an impudent stranger who does not even have the decency to be straightforward and ask her about the letters– instead he concentrates on her niece, M iss Tina, and in effect seals his own destiny with that choice, leading to the option of marriage or losing the papers completely. From the first meeting between the narrator and Miss Bordereau, it seems that the old woman has a very clear idea of the character of Aspern’s publisher and knows precisely what he is after. Although the narrator has some doubts as to the success of his admiration for her garden, her niece, and her home, stating that â€Å"She listened to me in perfect stillness and I felt her look at me with great penetration,† overall he never doubts his eventual success until his final defeat at Miss Bordereau’s deathbed (James, 16). He does try to act natural and jovial in her presence, but there is always an underlying t... ...they will willingly hand him the letters with their blessing. In an obvious reversal of this prediction, however, is Miss Bordereau’s response to the narrator’s asking to push her wheelchair from the balcony overlooking the garden– â€Å"Oh yes, you may move me this way– you shan’t any other!† (James, 66). Miss Bordereau is always moving beyond the reach of the narrator, but he does not realize just how far beyond his reach the beloved papers are until the conclusion of the story: Miss Bordereau is dead, Miss Tina is no longer a pliable tool, and the papers have been irrevocably turned into unreadable ash. The relationship that he sought to form between himself and Miss Bordereau through the intermediary of Miss Tina has left him with nothing and has left Miss Bordereau laughing in her grave at the young, overconfident literary who thought he could get the better of her.

Commentary On The Road Not Tak :: essays research papers

The poem is basically about a person who has at some point in his life been posed with a question of which path to take. Obviously, there would be a dilemma on his part and the poem revolves around his decision. Frost’s narrative style has lent itself to a certain amount of ambiguity in what he is trying to convey. This ambiguity that Frost has left the reader to contemplate is basically divided into two schools of thought. The first is that Frost has a regret for the choice that he has made and he is relating the hardships of that choice to the reader. The alternative is that he is simply trying to make a statement about life and harbors no regret towards the choice that he has made. The first theme to be considered is that of Frost’s analogy of one’s life being put onto some sort of timeline and he has used roads to illustrate the idea of many possibilities. The use of nature in the same line â€Å"Two roads diverged in a yellow wood† gives an almost organic-like appeal. This helps us to integrate roads into the natural environment and it gives an impression that the decisions that we have to make are natural. The divergence of the two roads into the same place (a yellow wood) symbolises Frost’s departure into the real world (because of the singularity in â€Å"wood†). This could mean that the wood is being compared to the â€Å"unknown† world. Again, in the first stanza there is the start of the ambiguity in the very colour of the wood. A strong believer in the view that Frost has given a regretful tone to the poem will point out that there is a significance in the very colour of the wood. This is because yellow represe nts autumn time where the stigma is that everything around him is dying and because of life he still has to continue. Furthermore, there is the inclusion of the second line â€Å"And sorry I could not travel both†. This could mean that he is regretful because he will never know what the other path offered. On the other hand it could also be interpreted that it is plain curiosity which has led him to say this, not any regret for what he has failed to do. Frost has used a clever illustration of the continuance of these roads to depict the uncertainty that life holds.

Colgate Max Fresh Essay

Gross world product up 2.5% in 2005, following two years of < 1% growth. Overall emerging market economies exploding; + 10% GDP growth in China and + 6% growth in Latin America. Political values in emerging markets may make it difficult for foreign competition to enter market without domestic partner and / or; foreign investment & market diversification less attractive (import / export tariffs). Situational Analysis Situational Analysis Industry Purpose of the Oral Personal Care industry is to prevent teeth and gum diseases and deliver cosmetic benefits. Scope of the industry includes toothpaste, floss, mouth rinses and toothbrushes. Industry Definition Competition Colgate has dominant market value share in China (32%) and Mexico (82%). China market fragmented with Colgate & P&G representing 53% of share. Situational Analysis Industry Product Development growth strategy with launches of premium tier brand extensions Crest Whitening Expressions (US) Crest With Scope (US), Colgate Icy Fresh (China), Crest Cool Expressions (MX). Brand Position: Competition Strategy (P&G) C+S = toothpaste + mouthwash + whitening CWE / CCE = flavor + toothpaste + whitening Entering Emerging Markets under its Crest brand without JV partners. Leveraging x-brand scale with Crest + Scope. Built its brand around therapeutic benefits, while cosmetic benefits market growing fastest in Emerging Markets. Innovating in cosmetic segment; a historic Colgate stronghold. Heavily invests in advertising behind new product launches. Situational Analysis Growth Market Strategies Porter Five Forces Analysis Global Oral Personal Care Colgate Palmolive Oral Care SWOT Analysis Situational Analysis Marketing Strategy Pricing: Positioned as a super-premium brand, price parity to Crest Cool Expressions (14.99 – 15.99 pesos). Marketing Budget: $2MM marketing budget aimed to drive trial through in-store merchandising, sampling, and public relations. Corporate Marketing Strategy Objectives Colgate Max Fresh (CMF) Mexico Marketing Plan Strategic Growth driven by high margin core business. Advertising focused on high margin products and high potential markets. Innovation driven: 40% of sales from products launched in past 5 years. Tactical Growth Strategy: Product Development; Super Premium segment Growth Targets: China 2% YR1, 2.8% YR2; MX 5% YR1, 6% YR2 value share. Will require trading up consumers. Value Proposition: CMF would drive new dimension of freshness Target Market: Geared towards 18-34 yr. old adults (female oriented); augment Colgate’s strong competitive position in Value & Mid-Tier. Situational Analysis Marketing Strategy Will US developed media plans translate? Can Colgate effectively trade-up consumers? What impact will cannibalization have on profitability? Is market large enough in Mexico for premium segments? Will benefits of CMF convey to Mexico consumers? BASES testing and Consumer Viability Index showed marginal promise.. CMF Marketing Concerns for Mexico Symptoms of Colgate Palmolive’s Primary Problem Emerging Market consumers are price sensitive Crest attacking cosmetic segment Consumers experiment through trial vs. large initial purchase Despite Growth in key areas Colgate-Palmolive operating profits and net income are down. +6.5% unit volume growth +7% sales dollar growth +0.1% growth in gross profit margin -2% Operational Profit -7% Net Income To drive growth Colgate-Palmolive is looking to focus on higher margin core businesses. Core Elements of the Strategic Problem In the US toothpaste market CP is seeing a 3.1% increase in volume of sales attributable to the Super Premium Toothpaste Category. Global Strategic Opportunity exists in the Premium Toothpaste market. Represents $75 M sales dollar increase and total market cap of $409.5 M dollars Only the Premium Toothpaste Category is growing at a substantial rate. In 2004 CP captured ~60% of that Sales Dollar Increase in the US largely dues to the introduction of Colgate Max Fresh. In order to continue to grow CP must find a way to develop their Premium Toothpaste product CMF in emerging countries. Colgate Palmolive’s Primary Problem Would the costs of adopting CMF in each new country provide sufficient incremental sales and profits to justify the added complexity of localized marketing and rollout plans associated with those new markets. Colgate-Palmolive must continue to globalize its Premium Toothpaste Strategy. Any solution must balance they cost of localization with the expected sales and profit increase for each new market. Also it is in Colgate-Palmolive’s best interest to develop reusable guidelines as it approaches other new markets similar to China and Mexico. Colgate Palmolive’s Secondary Problems Type 1: Establish a tactical marketing plan for the CMF rollout in an emerging market where Colgate-Palmolive has little previously established presence(China) Type 2: Establish a tactical marketing plan for the CMF rollout in an established market that has high competitor activity(Mexico). In order to establish an effective global strategy two types of secondary problems must be solved in the Colgate Max Fresh Case Study: Any solution must balance they cost of localization with the expected sales and profit increase for each new market. Secondary Problem Detail Need to introduce a product to push Colgate-Palmolive profitability Colgate has worldwide share, the only way to expand is to drive high margin business. China(new markets) have strongly entrenched local brands. Colgate Max fresh will need to compete with its own joint venture brand Darlie(High End). Due to new product introduction at the Super Premium Toothpaste Market competitor Crest has 3% growth year to year, Colgate Equity Brands have been stagnant for 3 years. CP is not only loosing out on possible profits but also slowly loosing market share to its #1 competitor. Market is unfamiliar with CMF â€Å"breath strips† US Marketing Video will be ineffective due to the US Star involved. Is it worth creating new celebrity backed marketing content? Will the Go Big or Go Home strategy work in China and other similar markets? How can Colgate-Palmolive best enter the Chinese Market with CMF. China Secondary Problem Detail Colgate-Palmolive knows P&G will be introducing Crest Cool Expressions(CWE) in Mexico in the near future. CO must develop the best marketing plan to stunt P&G Crest Cool Expressions while protecting their overwhelming market share. 82% Value share for Colgate-Palmolive CP needs to create a marketing plan to introduce CMF with limited budget and maximize regional utility. Due to CP’s large inherent market share, the goal of the Mexican campaign will be to maximize the product funnel. There is a large opportunity present to upsell customers from the Big Red Brand toothpaste to the new CMF toothpaste. Mexico See Exhibit 17 – Will waiting to introduce CMF until after the CWE product introduction change the company estimates of profitability? Can the Mexico Snowsurfer commercial be better standardized for global marketing plans? Going forward how will CP utilize this marketing plan for future markets? Colgate-Palmolive Company Alternatives Locally make the clear bottle Works for China, not Mexico China Allows for ease of expansion of the Colgate Max Fresh brand in clear bottle to other regional locales Also, provides future capabilities for use in other new products Problems: This does add 20% variable cost to COGS Initiates a 6 month delay on production $1.5 M sunk cost before production Alternatives Colgate-Palmolive Company Alternatives Regional Market Alternatives Mexico China Colgate-Palmolive Company Alternatives Provide more trial availability with the smaller packages to sway more to give CMF a try CMF has the breath strips or â€Å"cooling crystals† within the toothpaste, therefore bundle the breath strips package with CMF to build awareness. Stop utilizing celebrities to promote CMF Provide regional flavors Keeps product as a premium product Cost of $200,000 per flavor Has shown promising outcomes in other regions In China, Crest utilized a tea flavor and Colgate a salt flavor In Russia, after releasing a local flavor, the toothpaste market share rose from 11.8% in 2002 to 24.9% in 2005. Colgate-Palmolive Company Alternatives Allows for greater differentiation between the CWE toothpaste In Mexico, drop the price from 15.99 pesos to 14.99 pesos to protect a greater share of CP market share. In Mexico and other markets CP is highly entrenched in, utilize clear bottle In Mexico, Keep the price at 15.99 pesos Implementation Strategic Vs. Tactical Plans The strategic plan moving forward for emerging markets will be to use an easily customizable commercial and adapt it to multiple countries Colgate is the dominant toothpaste brand world wide, so our primary goal will be to prevent Crest from gaining market share and also to upsell our existing customers to the super premium segment We agree with the decision to use a celebrity commercial in China due to the size of the market share the Crest is cultivating Each region and culture has a different set of values and preferences Each region will have a unique tactical plan to maximize effectiveness Jay Chou Colgate Max Fresh Commercial Implementation in China Dispensing the toothpaste in clear bottles to build brand awareness Colgate-Palmolive has invested a large amount of capitol in the Max Fresh marketing campaign Maximize the return on investment by: Transition to less expensive packaging once consumers are familiar with product Include breath strip samples with Max Fresh tooth paste in selected markets Snowsurfer Commercial (English Dub) Implementation in Mexico Our strategies in Mexico will be very similar to our plan in other emerging markets Focus will be on preserving our market share instead of new growth Use clear bottle and breath strip samples in select markets to increase brand awareness Colgate accounts for 82% of total market share compared to 10.2% of Crest’s total market share Crest + Scope only accounts for 3%of total market share Set price at 14.99 pesos per 100 ml We will re-evaluate our Colgate Total (19.36 pesos per 100 ml) marketing campaign to focus on the affluent 40+ age group to minimize cannibalization Implementation in Brazil Characteristics of the Brazilian Market 71% of Brazilians agree that â€Å"music is an important part of my life† 33% have participated in trips to the beach in the last 30 days 76% agree that â€Å"it is important to be attractive to the opposite sex† 65% agree that â€Å"it is important to keep young looking† 32% express the desire for plastic surgery in order to improve their appearance Statistics from Geoff Wicken, KMR Group Tactical Strategy Brazil Vollyball is the 2nd most popular sport in Brazil To become a sponsor on the FIVB circuit, we must apply by July 31, 2006 Update packaging to include â€Å"Made in Brazil† The busy season in Rio De Janeiro December to March, so we recommend kicking off a medial marketing campaign in October 2006 This will give Colgate-Palmolive a chance to evaluate the success of the BreathStrip samples in China and Mexico If we do not see the return on investment we will not include the promotional packaging in Brazil Brazilians place a high emphasis on being attractive to the opposite sex, which means there could a tremendous opportunity to market Colgate Max Fresh as a product that will whiten teeth and make you more â€Å"kissable† Adapt the SnowSurfer commercial to the Brazilian market Sponsor a national beach vollyball tournament Conclusion Colgate-Palmolive is actively seeking ways to increase their operating profit and net income Introducing new high margin products to emerging markets will be critical to their success Marketing Colgate Max Fresh as efficiently and effectively as possible will be necessary in helping us achieve our financial goals UNILEVER

A key choice writers Essay

A key choice writers make is how they name or refer to characters in their stories. Write about the significance of the choices writers have made in naming or referring to their characters in the three texts you have studies. In the three texts I have studies the writers all name and refer to their characters in different ways. For example in The Road the characters are not given names and in Small Island all the characters are named and referred to in detail. Firstly mc McCarthy doesn’t give his characters names throughout his narrative he only refers to them as, the man, â€Å"papa† and the boy which shows they are father and son and that is all the detail McCarthy reveals. The significance of this is to create the effect that this dystopia they live in could happen to absolutely anyone. McCarthy has also done this to create a statement that names are no longer important since the world has ended and all civilisations have been wiped out. The only important this is surviving. McCarthy mentions the boy was born into the post apocalypse s so maybe the boy hasn’t even been given a name through the fact he doesn’t need one since there is no civilisation and there is a nil chance of survival, therefore there is no one to give your name to. McCarthy could also be revealing that maybe the parents didn’t think it was important in naming the boy because they wouldn’t survive. In Small Island Levy names her characters very stereotypically through their personalities. Queenies christened name is Victoria â€Å"I was christened victoria† like the late queen, but forever been called Queenie, which is what her mother wanted to christen her as but the vicar wouldn’t allow it as it was a common name so he suggested Victoria. Levy chose this name as it reflects Queenies character very well as she is very well mannered and â€Å"posh† like the queen. Gilberts name reveals that he is half white through the fact that Gilbert Joseph is a common white man name. Levy also reveals that his father is white by referring his to as â€Å"light skinned†. Hortense’s name reveals that she is not English however it also reveals that she is wealthy and higher class through the fact that Hortense is a French name which automatically stereotypically reveals Hortense’s character is going to be higher class which she is. Levy also refers to her characters in racist ways by addressing and describing the black characters as â€Å"darkies† and â€Å"niggers† the significance of this is to show when the novel was set â€Å"1948† when being racist was common and most English people were, in which Levy has took advantage of to make her narrative realistic. Finally in Rossetti’s poetry, Rossetti refers to men in different negative ways. For example in Goblin Market Rossetti refers men to a Goblins she has done this to reveal her emotions of men implying that they are all vial and evil. However, the word â€Å"Goblin† could also mean gold which could be implying that all men are rich which is true because in the 19th century it was only men who had money, so she could be implying that men are rare and rich. However, still men in Rossetti’s poems are shown to be negative which is interoperating that wealth isn’t all that good. Rossetti also gives her characters common names such as â€Å"Maude Clare†, â€Å"Laura† and â€Å"Lizzie† the significance of this is to make her poems still mysterious and open for interpretations which she does in all of her poems. Rossetti also refers to her characters through social class and skin tone she does this as it was a main importance in the 19th century. To compare all the writers I have studies both Levy and Rossetti refer and name their characters through social class in some way. However, McCarthy doesn’t mention social class or interpratate it in any way. He has done this because there is no longer any social class unlike in when Small Island and Rossetti’s when it was highly mentioned with the time they are set in. In conclusion in all the texts I have studied the writers all texts I have studied the writers all name their characters in different ways for different significance and to create different effects to their narratives. But also to affect the reader differently for example McCarthy doesn’t give names to his characters to give the narrative lack of information as it could be happen to anyone but also to give the reader no emotional connection to the novel.

“Good People” Essay

Love is one of the only words in this world that can’t be adequately described in words. Yet it is the strongest human emotion and most powerful force in the universe that conquers all, makes our lives worth living, and chooses our direction. In the two short stories the authors use their style, symbolism and point of views to best portray two different scenarios that both revolve around love. In â€Å"Good People† by David Foster Wallace 19 year old college student impregnates a girl he’d been seeing and is plagued with many uncertainties of life and love and is forced to make a difficult decision in the case of an abortion. In â€Å"What We Talk About When We Talk About Love† by Raymond Carver two couples sit around a table and attempt to discuss which knows more about true love while they drink gin. In the end, they both share a common theme; that love is ambiguous. In the stories, the author’s style of writing delivers the tones for which the ch aracters are feeling. Read more: Good people david foster wallace essay Effectively you also share some of the same emotions the characters are facing. In â€Å"Good People† there is a dense and intentionally clumsy style which adds to the story’s depth to portray the uncertainty and anxiousness that Lane is feeling. This style greatly immerses you into the circulating mind of teenaged Lane’s ambivalence of his love, religion, and self. Wallace uses the means of a third person narrator telling the story to capture Lane’s struggle and introverted thoughts. It is when he first told his girlfriend Sheri that he would go to the appointment with her to console her that his guilt starts to eat away at him†¦ â€Å"The worse he felt, the stiller he sat. The whole thing felt balanced on a knife or wire; if he moved to put his arm up or touch her the whole thing could tip over. He hated himself for sitting so frozen.† (Wallace 891). In the other story the authors tone is one of a darker, more mature subject matter with a fee l of â€Å"dirty realism†. Carver uses mainly dialogue to tell the story in a way that feels like an ordinary conversation but at the same time pries deeper into the unpleasant truths of the mundane world. Half way through the story, Mel makes a comment which changes the direction from the casual to the more dense subject matter. â€Å"And the terrible thing, the terrible thing is, but the good thing too, the saving grace, you might say, is that if something happened to one of us tomorrow, I think . . . the other person, would grieve for a while,  you know, but then the surviving party would go out and love again, have someone else soon enough.†(Carver 852) In the first story, Lane is constantly beating himself up and questioning himself of whether or not he’s making the right decision throughout the story at every turn. He even asks â€Å"What would even Jesus do?† (Wallace 893), revealing that this dilemma is one too complex for a mere human to make a proper judgment. The story is almost one long repeated question, where at the end even still the answer isn’t definitively answered. In the second story, Mel stumbles over his words often when discussing â€Å"love† not from the gin but from the complexity of pinpointing the meaning of love. When he tries to come to a coherent conclusion to the meaning of love he instead digresses into a convoluted meditation and becomes angered in trying to wrap his head around it. He too looks towards a higher power for guidance due to a lack of comprehension. Symbolism comes into play within these two stories where the adequacy of words isn’t enough. It gives more depth to the stories without being too blatantly obvious, keeping the reader thinking. In â€Å"Good People† there is symbolism carefully hidden throughout which Lane notices but doesn’t quite seem to entirely pick up on, it is more there for the reader to make an inferred decision at the end. The geography around him and the lake are the symbols which apply to his life and relationship with God, himself, and Sheri. It is when they are both sitting on the picnic table at the park near the lake when after realizing he was unintentionally praying with his hands that he notices the lighting has changed and it resonates with him. â€Å"†¦everything seemed distinctly lit, for the circle of the pin oak’s shade had rotated off all the way, and they sat now in sun with their shadow a two-headed thing in the grass before them† (Wallace 893). Likewise in the second story, symbolism is used for the same reason to enhance the plot, except in a more negative way. When the story begins the bottle of gin is full and the sun is bright and everyone is in a great and giddy mood. As the story progresses, the bottle of gin diminishes along with the brightness of the sun, leaving them at the end with a complex and increasingly dark conversation figuratively and a dark room literally. â€Å"He’s depressed,† Terri said. â€Å"Mel, why don’t you take a pill?† â€Å"Listen,† Mel said. â€Å"Let’s finish this fucking gin. There’s enough left here for one shooter all  around. Then let’s go eat. Let’s go to the new place.† (Carver 853) Mel sees finishing the bottle of gin as a way to finally end the conversation brought up on love and get him out of the frustration that the conversation had provoked within him. In this story the sun set and the gin was all drank yet th ey still hadn’t been able to conclude the true meaning of love from a relationship standpoint. In â€Å"Good People† the symbolism leads me to decide that Lane didn’t go through with the abortion, however in the end the two are still unsure whether or not things will work out for them and if it was the smart choice. The personal point of views of the authors feelings on love are reflected through the mediums of the characters in their stories. For example, in â€Å"Good People† Lane is a kid who is struggling with the challenge of understanding his place in the world and is constantly questioning the unknown. He wants to think of himself as a good person, but his skepticism of his belief in God, the questioning of his morals, and his â€Å"love† for Sheri weighs him down. Similar to the story, David F. Wallace was a writer known for taking the challenge of communicating what it meant to be human through writing whilst battling clinical anxiety and depression. When in deep thought, Wallace’s personal views and struggles with the belief in God are voiced through Lane’s inner thoughts†¦ â€Å"He promised God he had learned his lesson. But what if that, too, was a hollow promise, from a hypocrite who repented only after, who promised submission but really only wante d a reprieve?† (Wallace 894). Likewise in the second story, some of the rougher experiences of Raymond Carver’s life shine through directly in parallel to the story. Carver presents Mel’s heavy drinking in an understanding way, the way that only one who has witnessed the inner workings of alcohol and how it unknowingly deteriorates oneself can. Mel represents Carver in the story, his second wife Terri represents Raymond Carver’s real second wife (Tess Gallagher) who had a first husband herself both in the story and in real life, only in the story his name was Ed and in life was (Larry Edward Gallagher). In the story Terri claims Ed and she loved each other, Mel claims she is wrong, but Terri persists despite the fact he hit her sometimes and was disturbed and shot himself. In real life, Larry was MIA in the Vietnam War as a pilot and must have meant a lot to his wife seeing how  she kept his last name. The bigoted representation of Ed in Carver’s story represents the jealousy he had of his wife’s never ending love of her first husband. Carver’s first wife is also presented abstractly into the story. Carver had two kids with his first wife, (MaryAnn), who he later fought with and disliked. In the story MaryAnn’s name is Marjorie and he voices his dislike for her while still wanting to see his kids. As you can see the author’s lifetime experiences greatly influence their perspectives which is presented and passed down through their works of literature. Both writers struggle to capture the meaning of love in their own sentimental ways, however neither come up with a definitive answer. How true it is today that love really is ambiguous no matter how well we try to capture it in its natural human habitat. No matter how many years go by or how technologically advanced a society we become, the question will always at its roots remain.

Music on the Bamboo Radio

How does Nicholas change and grow During the novel? â€Å"Music on the Bamboo Radio† is a historical fiction novel written by Martin Booth sets in the time of 1941 when the imperial Japanese Army invades Hong Kong. The main character of this novel, Nicholas Holford, a British boy who disguised as a Chinese and survived through the war, but on the way, he faced a lot of challenges and difficulties to his new life which transform Nicholas into a brave and mature young man.Nicholas changes and be more matures in many ways, one of Nicholas’s most obvious change that he demonstrated in this novel, is that he turned to be more independent and started to make his own decisions. He was a boy who relies on his parents a lot and rarely needs to make his own decisions. At the start of the novel, Nicholas’ parents were sent away to join and work in the war, which they left Nicholas alone with their servants, Tang, Ah Mee and Ah Kwan.Tang urged for Nicholas and the other serv ants to leave and hide from the Japanese Soldiers, but Nicholas refuses to leave and insists on waiting for his parents. â€Å"We must wait, when my parents get back. † (Page 4) He does not realize that refusing to leave will bring them into huge danger, he is also not brave and mature enough to make decisions. However, as the novel progressed, Nicholas became much more independent and starts making his own decisions. In Nicholas’ new life, he has to live with a Chinese family and help them to do housework which chores became his daily routine.Unfortunately, Tang was sick from a mosquito bite after selling fish in the market one day, and in order to same Tang’s life, Nicholas and Ah Mee has to risk a trip to Kowloon to take the medicine, Quinine, which is the only way to save Tang’s life. After the tough and difficult journey, they finally took the medicine they need, but on their was back home, Ah Mee becomes too exhausted and tired that she couldnâ€⠄¢t walk anymore. The time is ticking away, they must bring the medicine back home as soon as possible to save Tang’s life. â€Å"Nicholas knew there was nothing for it.Tang’s life depend on him now. â€Å" (Page 52) Nicholas ran back home with the Quinine, he decided to leave Ah Mee behind after serious and carful thoughts. â€Å" You’ll be safe here,’ Nicholas declared. ‘ The people will look after you while you sleep. † (Page 52) These show that Nicholas is now able to make good and thoughtful decisions. Unlike before, Nicholas thought carefully rather should or should not run back home and leave Ah Mee here, he is able to consider both sides and determine the importance on each side before making the decision, so he takes out his bravery and made this decision.In the middle of the novel, Major Fox, from the British Army Aid Group have been asked for the helps from Nicholas to deliver a package of a bottle of vaccine and a bar of gold. T his bottle of vaccine could save hundred of human lives, and this task could only be done by Nicholas. After thinking deeply, â€Å"When he had been considering going with Tai Lo Fu to destroy the†¦ his voice quite and resolute. â€Å"I’ll deliver it. ’ â€Å" (Page 109/110) Nicholas decided to help deliver the package.This mission is very risky and dangerous for Nicholas, he might get caught by the Japanese soldiers and possibly get killed by them, but Nicholas know that he could not rely on anyone this time, instead, he has to help others in need and make this decision himself. Making this decision also showed that Nicholas became very independent and he is able to make mature decisions. Another major change that Nicholas demonstrated in this novel, is that he protects and helps other in need and became considerate of others.Nicholas grown up in a wealthy family, he has a gardener, cook and servants. (Page 3/4) He doesn’t really need to do chores for h imself, regardless the fact that he wouldn’t even need to help and protect others. However, as Nicholas begins his new life, living in a Chinese Family. He starts to take his own responsibilities, and even helping his new family do chores and housework. (Page 26) Nicholas also shows his protection of others when he and Ah Mee went on the trip to get Quinine for Tang.Nicholas and Ah Mee walk past some Japanese soldiers And the prisoners on their way back home, but Ah Mee stumbled and dropped her bundle beside them, this caught the Japanese soldiers attention and they thought Ah Mee was trying to communicate with the prisoners, which caused the soldiers to shout and took out their rifles pointing at them, but Ah Mee was too wear to stand up. Nicholas suddenly thought of an idea, he thought that the Japanese will not understand Cantonese either, so he made up nonsense with Cantonese and imitates the Chinese accent, trying to protect and change the Japanese soldier’s focus . Page 49/50) Although Nicholas did to succeed at the end and was saved by Ah Kwan, he had tried his best to protect Ah Mee in times of danger. Nicholas also became a lot wiser and smarter, and also became much more trustworthy. At the beginning of this novel, Nicholas saw two Japanese soldiers in less than seventy meters from him. â€Å" He wanted to scream, jump up, shout out, it’s alright. It’s only me. Don’t shoot. I’m only eleven. â€Å" (Page 3) Nicholas didn’t realize that doing that will only cause more attention from the Japanese soldiers and caused them to kill him straight away.The right thing he should so, is quietly leave without causing any attention and hide. However, Nicholas changed as he faces more challenges. When Nicholas went on a trip with Ah Kwan and Tai Lo Fu, he met a few Japanese soldiers walking past him, again, but he reacted wisely. Although he was very afraid and scared, he stayed quiet and still, not causing any att ention, (Page 65) This incident showed that Nicholas became much more wise and smart, knowing how to keep himself safe in times of danger and also learning from his mistakes.Before Nicholas went on this trip with Ah Kwan and Tai Lo Fu, he has to keep a secret first. The purpose of this trip, is for Nicholas to do a huge favor for the East River Column Army, which fight against the Japanese secretly. The army wanted Nicholas to translate a english note from the British for them, but if the Japanese find out about this Army, they will kill all of them immediately. So Nicholas has to keep this great secret and help finish this mission without letting anyone know. â€Å"Nicholas nodded. Any sense of flattery evaporated. (Page 61) As the novel progress and Nicholas went on his mission, we can see that Nicholas kept his promise and the secret only to himself. This showed that Nicholas is not a wise and trustworthy young man. Through this war, Nicholas changed dramatically in many ways, b oth mentally and physically. He faced many difficulties and tough challenges, but it’s only these challenges that can transform Nicholas into a mature young man. Nicholas also surprised and amazes me because of his significant change and transformation and he also sets a great example for us to learn and experience from.

Honor Diaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Honor Diaries - Essay Example The documentary Honor Diaries examines female genital mutilation in the perspective of honor violence aimed at women. In the context of violence, viewers can learn about the mistreatment and violence that is experienced by women. For instance, Viewers can learn about Fahina Hashim from Sudan as she tries to protect the potential of Female Genital Mutilation through her work of advocacy. She is seen negotiating with her parents who could have demanded mutilation in the order in order to have some familiar honors preserved as well as the preservation of purity values. One of the greatest strength of the films is the ability to avoid racial discrimination. The film has effectively been able to represent almost every culture in the world. For instance, there is a representative for the South Asian Community, Sudan, and Iran among others. In addition, the film has also tried to balance religion by including both the Islamic religion and Christian religion through Juliana Tamoozary. Nevertheless, the movie managed to touch a nerve in Muslim cultures that are abusive to women. For instance, the film triggered hypocritical claims of Islamophobia. Islamophobia is an unwarranted fear of Islam religion. In US, there are three Universities that have optimized censorship of screenings. In most cases, such actions are usually political as the practice is shameful regardless of culture (The Clarion Project). The film is used to show viewers the various struggles and challenges that are experienced by women around the planet in the name of culture. The film acts as an inspiration to the viewers especially individuals who are tied up by cultural restrictions. The movie inspires women to break down the hindrance of political exactness and speak the truth that culture should not be used to abuse women (The Clarion

Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 30

Journal - Assignment Example She was sometimes exposed to sex, and sometimes to sex abstinence, write Tasca et al. (110-119). It was in the second millennium BC that this condition started being studied as a disease in medicine with little scientific innovation. Theories proposed by Galen were the only scientific therapies that contributed to the study of this disease (Tasca et al. 110). In the 20th century, several studies were conducted to determine the risk factors for this disease so that actual solution could be reached. Hence, our views of female gender made the origin of this disease a wrong one, since we associated it with female weakness brought about by supernatural or demonological factors. This pseudo-scientific prejudice and our biased views regarding female gender misinterpreted and misunderstood this mental disorder, which is now considered as a proper mental illness that can be improved and corrected by proper therapies and

Discussion Board 4-1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Discussion Board 4-1 - Assignment Example It is through treatment planning that counselors are able to identify and determine the source of resources required in a particular treatment. Switchzer and Rubin (2015) explain that treatment plans enable counselors and clients to recognize the need for insurance coverage, and identify appropriate insurance companies to give cover during treatment. Insurance coverage during treatment provides relative protection of clients from unforeseen dangers that may occur during treatment. Treatment plans are also important as they assist counselors and clients establish systems of relationships based on professional and general ethical standards. In that line, treatment plans assist in avoiding legal disruptions aimed at ensuring conformance to legal standards. Ensuring clarity on the relationship and means of interaction between counselors and clients is also an ethical issue (Switchzer & Rubin, 2015). In case of a problem, it is usually easier for either party in counseling to justify claims using the plan. Failure to have a treatment plan in a psychological counseling process exposes counselors and clients to various risks. One of the risks relates to lack of proper relationship that may compromise authenticity of a claim by any party who has experienced abuse. Without a treatment plan, the parties may forget to fulfill certain legal responsibilities and face increased risk of litigation (Switchzer & Rubin, 2015). Lack of effective treatment plan also characterize with unclear goals and objectives. As a result, counselors and clients in session may end repeating issues and losing direction, and eventually wasting much time on otherwise simple

Registration System Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Registration System - Assignment Example And the costumer can avail this discount inform via his email account. Also, the main HQ and local admin can send to the costumer's email the latest offers if there is. The main HQ administrator has the access in controlling the system, the HQ can either add or remove motel. Both of the main HQ and the local Administration can update the room type, availability and pricing of their rooms. 1. The personal information of the customer includes his ID, name, address, contact information, age and other personal detail with his email address. The customer can access through web, he can check the availability, type and pricing of the room. Also he can check seasonal offers of the company. 2. With his personal email address he can send his messages and other inquires about his booking. He can receive special the other offer, be informed for special discount and other newsletter from the company. And also he can be informed if ever the payment and booking transactions is successful or not. 4. Costumer's history includes with the customer's booking number, the total of booking the customer made the other details of his booking from this the company will base their decision if they will give a special discount of not. The Main flow: Payment 1. Payment transactions must include the customer's ID, the date and amount he paid off. The payment of the customer may be in the form of cheque or card payments. 2. If the transaction was done by cheque then the transaction must include the payment number, cheque no., sort code, account number and other banking information. 3. IF the transaction was done by card payments the detailed information must include the card number, the date when it is issued and the expiration date. 4. All the payment transaction between the customer and the company. The company and the customer must be informed by the electronic banking system if the card or cheque is accepted or rejected. The Main flow: Motel 1. Both the main HQ motel administration and other local administrations can check their customer's history. 2. The HQ and other local administrations can update the rooms' availability, type, and pricing. Only the Main administrator can add or delete rooms. 3. The main HQ administrator can add and remove their local motel branches. Also they can remove, add or transfer their staffs.